qrhid3d12.cpp

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// Copyright (C) 2023 The Qt Company Ltd.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: LicenseRef-Qt-Commercial OR LGPL-3.0-only OR GPL-2.0-only OR GPL-3.0-only
 
#include "qrhid3d12_p.h"
#include "qshader.h"
#include <QWindow>
#include <qmath.h>
#include <QtCore/qcryptographichash.h>
#include <QtCore/private/qsystemerror_p.h>
#include <comdef.h>
#include "qrhid3dhelpers_p.h"
#include "cs_mipmap_p.h"
 
#if __has_include(<pix.h>)
#include <pix.h>
#define QRHI_D3D12_HAS_OLD_PIX
#endif
 
#ifdef __ID3D12Device2_INTERFACE_DEFINED__
 
QT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 
/*
  Direct 3D 12 backend.
*/
 
// https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/direct3d12/hardware-feature-levels
static const D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL MIN_FEATURE_LEVEL = D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0;
 
QRhiD3D12::QRhiD3D12(QRhiD3D12InitParams *params, QRhiD3D12NativeHandles *importParams)
{
    debugLayer = params->enableDebugLayer;
    if (importParams) {
        if (importParams->dev) {
            ID3D12Device *d3d12Device = reinterpret_cast<ID3D12Device *>(importParams->dev);
            if (SUCCEEDED(d3d12Device->QueryInterface(__uuidof(ID3D12Device2), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&dev)))) {
                // get rid of the ref added by QueryInterface
                d3d12Device->Release();
                importedDevice = true;
            } else {
                qWarning("ID3D12Device2 not supported, cannot import device");
            }
        }
        if (importParams->commandQueue) {
            cmdQueue = reinterpret_cast<ID3D12CommandQueue *>(importParams->commandQueue);
            importedCommandQueue = true;
        }
        minimumFeatureLevel = D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL(importParams->minimumFeatureLevel);
        adapterLuid.LowPart = importParams->adapterLuidLow;
        adapterLuid.HighPart = importParams->adapterLuidHigh;
    }
}
 
template <class Int>
inline Int aligned(Int v, Int byteAlign)
{
    return (v + byteAlign - 1) & ~(byteAlign - 1);
}
 
static inline UINT calcSubresource(UINT mipSlice, UINT arraySlice, UINT mipLevels)
{
    return mipSlice + arraySlice * mipLevels;
}
 
static inline QD3D12RenderTargetData *rtData(QRhiRenderTarget *rt)
{
    switch (rt->resourceType()) {
    case QRhiResource::SwapChainRenderTarget:
        return &QRHI_RES(QD3D12SwapChainRenderTarget, rt)->d;
    case QRhiResource::TextureRenderTarget:
        return &QRHI_RES(QD3D12TextureRenderTarget, rt)->d;
        break;
    default:
        break;
    }
    Q_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(nullptr);
}
 
bool QRhiD3D12::create(QRhi::Flags flags)
{
    rhiFlags = flags;
 
    UINT factoryFlags = 0;
    if (debugLayer)
        factoryFlags |= DXGI_CREATE_FACTORY_DEBUG;
    HRESULT hr = CreateDXGIFactory2(factoryFlags, __uuidof(IDXGIFactory2), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&dxgiFactory));
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("CreateDXGIFactory2() failed to create DXGI factory: %s",
                 qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return false;
    }
 
    supportsAllowTearing = false;
    IDXGIFactory5 *factory5 = nullptr;
    if (SUCCEEDED(dxgiFactory->QueryInterface(__uuidof(IDXGIFactory5), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&factory5)))) {
        BOOL allowTearing = false;
        if (SUCCEEDED(factory5->CheckFeatureSupport(DXGI_FEATURE_PRESENT_ALLOW_TEARING, &allowTearing, sizeof(allowTearing))))
            supportsAllowTearing = allowTearing;
        factory5->Release();
    }
 
    if (debugLayer) {
        ID3D12Debug1 *debug = nullptr;
        if (SUCCEEDED(D3D12GetDebugInterface(__uuidof(ID3D12Debug1), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&debug)))) {
            qCDebug(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "Enabling D3D12 debug layer");
            debug->EnableDebugLayer();
            debug->Release();
        }
    }
 
    if (!importedDevice) {
        IDXGIAdapter1 *adapter;
        int requestedAdapterIndex = -1;
        if (qEnvironmentVariableIsSet("QT_D3D_ADAPTER_INDEX"))
            requestedAdapterIndex = qEnvironmentVariableIntValue("QT_D3D_ADAPTER_INDEX");
 
        // The importParams may specify an adapter by the luid, take that into account.
        if (requestedAdapterIndex < 0 && (adapterLuid.LowPart || adapterLuid.HighPart)) {
            for (int adapterIndex = 0; dxgiFactory->EnumAdapters1(UINT(adapterIndex), &adapter) != DXGI_ERROR_NOT_FOUND; ++adapterIndex) {
                DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC1 desc;
                adapter->GetDesc1(&desc);
                adapter->Release();
                if (desc.AdapterLuid.LowPart == adapterLuid.LowPart
                        && desc.AdapterLuid.HighPart == adapterLuid.HighPart)
                {
                    requestedAdapterIndex = adapterIndex;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
 
        if (requestedAdapterIndex < 0 && flags.testFlag(QRhi::PreferSoftwareRenderer)) {
            for (int adapterIndex = 0; dxgiFactory->EnumAdapters1(UINT(adapterIndex), &adapter) != DXGI_ERROR_NOT_FOUND; ++adapterIndex) {
                DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC1 desc;
                adapter->GetDesc1(&desc);
                adapter->Release();
                if (desc.Flags & DXGI_ADAPTER_FLAG_SOFTWARE) {
                    requestedAdapterIndex = adapterIndex;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
 
        activeAdapter = nullptr;
        for (int adapterIndex = 0; dxgiFactory->EnumAdapters1(UINT(adapterIndex), &adapter) != DXGI_ERROR_NOT_FOUND; ++adapterIndex) {
            DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC1 desc;
            adapter->GetDesc1(&desc);
            const QString name = QString::fromUtf16(reinterpret_cast<char16_t *>(desc.Description));
            qCDebug(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "Adapter %d: '%s' (vendor 0x%X device 0x%X flags 0x%X)",
                    adapterIndex,
                    qPrintable(name),
                    desc.VendorId,
                    desc.DeviceId,
                    desc.Flags);
            if (!activeAdapter && (requestedAdapterIndex < 0 || requestedAdapterIndex == adapterIndex)) {
                activeAdapter = adapter;
                adapterLuid = desc.AdapterLuid;
                driverInfoStruct.deviceName = name.toUtf8();
                driverInfoStruct.deviceId = desc.DeviceId;
                driverInfoStruct.vendorId = desc.VendorId;
                qCDebug(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "  using this adapter");
            } else {
                adapter->Release();
            }
        }
        if (!activeAdapter) {
            qWarning("No adapter");
            return false;
        }
 
        if (minimumFeatureLevel == 0)
            minimumFeatureLevel = MIN_FEATURE_LEVEL;
 
        hr = D3D12CreateDevice(activeAdapter,
                               minimumFeatureLevel,
                               __uuidof(ID3D12Device2),
                               reinterpret_cast<void **>(&dev));
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to create D3D12 device: %s", qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return false;
        }
    } else {
        Q_ASSERT(dev);
        // cannot just get a IDXGIDevice from the ID3D12Device anymore, look up the adapter instead
        adapterLuid = dev->GetAdapterLuid();
        IDXGIAdapter1 *adapter;
        for (int adapterIndex = 0; dxgiFactory->EnumAdapters1(UINT(adapterIndex), &adapter) != DXGI_ERROR_NOT_FOUND; ++adapterIndex) {
            DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC1 desc;
            adapter->GetDesc1(&desc);
            adapter->Release();
            if (desc.AdapterLuid.LowPart == adapterLuid.LowPart
                    && desc.AdapterLuid.HighPart == adapterLuid.HighPart)
            {
                driverInfoStruct.deviceName = QString::fromUtf16(reinterpret_cast<char16_t *>(desc.Description)).toUtf8();
                driverInfoStruct.deviceId = desc.DeviceId;
                driverInfoStruct.vendorId = desc.VendorId;
                break;
            }
        }
        qCDebug(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "Using imported device %p", dev);
    }
 
    if (debugLayer) {
        ID3D12InfoQueue *infoQueue;
        if (SUCCEEDED(dev->QueryInterface(__uuidof(ID3D12InfoQueue), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&infoQueue)))) {
            if (qEnvironmentVariableIntValue("QT_D3D_DEBUG_BREAK")) {
                infoQueue->SetBreakOnSeverity(D3D12_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_CORRUPTION, true);
                infoQueue->SetBreakOnSeverity(D3D12_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR, true);
                infoQueue->SetBreakOnSeverity(D3D12_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING, true);
            }
            D3D12_INFO_QUEUE_FILTER filter = {};
            D3D12_MESSAGE_ID suppressedMessages[2] = {
                // there is no way of knowing the clear color upfront
                D3D12_MESSAGE_ID_CLEARRENDERTARGETVIEW_MISMATCHINGCLEARVALUE,
                // we have no control over viewport and scissor rects
                D3D12_MESSAGE_ID_DRAW_EMPTY_SCISSOR_RECTANGLE
            };
            filter.DenyList.NumIDs = 2;
            filter.DenyList.pIDList = suppressedMessages;
            // Setting the filter would enable Info messages (e.g. about
            // resource creation) which we don't need.
            D3D12_MESSAGE_SEVERITY infoSev = D3D12_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_INFO;
            filter.DenyList.NumSeverities = 1;
            filter.DenyList.pSeverityList = &infoSev;
            infoQueue->PushStorageFilter(&filter);
            infoQueue->Release();
        }
    }
 
    if (!importedCommandQueue) {
        D3D12_COMMAND_QUEUE_DESC queueDesc = {};
        queueDesc.Type = D3D12_COMMAND_LIST_TYPE_DIRECT;
        queueDesc.Priority = D3D12_COMMAND_QUEUE_PRIORITY_NORMAL;
        hr = dev->CreateCommandQueue(&queueDesc, __uuidof(ID3D12CommandQueue), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&cmdQueue));
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to create command queue: %s", qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return false;
        }
    }
 
    hr = dev->CreateFence(0, D3D12_FENCE_FLAG_NONE, __uuidof(ID3D12Fence), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&fullFence));
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create fence: %s", qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return false;
    }
    fullFenceEvent = CreateEvent(nullptr, FALSE, FALSE, nullptr);
    fullFenceCounter = 0;
 
    for (int i = 0; i < QD3D12_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; ++i) {
        hr = dev->CreateCommandAllocator(D3D12_COMMAND_LIST_TYPE_DIRECT,
                                         __uuidof(ID3D12CommandAllocator),
                                         reinterpret_cast<void **>(&cmdAllocators[i]));
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to create command allocator: %s", qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return false;
        }
    }
 
    if (!vma.create(dev, activeAdapter)) {
        qWarning("Failed to initialize graphics memory suballocator");
        return false;
    }
 
    if (!rtvPool.create(dev, D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_RTV, "main RTV pool")) {
        qWarning("Could not create RTV pool");
        return false;
    }
 
    if (!dsvPool.create(dev, D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_DSV, "main DSV pool")) {
        qWarning("Could not create DSV pool");
        return false;
    }
 
    if (!cbvSrvUavPool.create(dev, D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_CBV_SRV_UAV, "main CBV-SRV-UAV pool")) {
        qWarning("Could not create CBV-SRV-UAV pool");
        return false;
    }
 
    resourcePool.create("main resource pool");
    pipelinePool.create("main pipeline pool");
    rootSignaturePool.create("main root signature pool");
    releaseQueue.create(&resourcePool, &pipelinePool, &rootSignaturePool);
    barrierGen.create(&resourcePool);
 
    if (!samplerMgr.create(dev)) {
        qWarning("Could not create sampler pool and shader-visible sampler heap");
        return false;
    }
 
    if (!mipmapGen.create(this)) {
        qWarning("Could not initialize mipmap generator");
        return false;
    }
 
    const qint32 smallStagingSize = aligned(SMALL_STAGING_AREA_BYTES_PER_FRAME, QD3D12StagingArea::ALIGNMENT);
    for (int i = 0; i < QD3D12_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; ++i) {
        if (!smallStagingAreas[i].create(this, smallStagingSize, D3D12_HEAP_TYPE_UPLOAD)) {
            qWarning("Could not create host-visible staging area");
            return false;
        }
    }
 
    if (!shaderVisibleCbvSrvUavHeap.create(dev,
                                           D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_CBV_SRV_UAV,
                                           SHADER_VISIBLE_CBV_SRV_UAV_HEAP_PER_FRAME_START_SIZE))
    {
        qWarning("Could not create first shader-visible CBV/SRV/UAV heap");
        return false;
    }
 
    D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_D3D12_OPTIONS3 options3 = {};
    if (SUCCEEDED(dev->CheckFeatureSupport(D3D12_FEATURE_D3D12_OPTIONS3, &options3, sizeof(options3))))
        caps.multiView = options3.ViewInstancingTier != D3D12_VIEW_INSTANCING_TIER_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 
    deviceLost = false;
    offscreenActive = false;
 
    nativeHandlesStruct.dev = dev;
    nativeHandlesStruct.minimumFeatureLevel = minimumFeatureLevel;
    nativeHandlesStruct.adapterLuidLow = adapterLuid.LowPart;
    nativeHandlesStruct.adapterLuidHigh = adapterLuid.HighPart;
    nativeHandlesStruct.commandQueue = cmdQueue;
 
    return true;
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::destroy()
{
    if (!deviceLost && fullFence && fullFenceEvent)
        waitGpu();
 
    releaseQueue.releaseAll();
 
    for (int i = 0; i < QD3D12_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; ++i) {
        if (offscreenCb[i]) {
            if (offscreenCb[i]->cmdList)
                offscreenCb[i]->cmdList->Release();
            delete offscreenCb[i];
            offscreenCb[i] = nullptr;
        }
    }
 
    shaderVisibleCbvSrvUavHeap.destroy();
 
    for (int i = 0; i < QD3D12_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; ++i)
        smallStagingAreas[i].destroy();
 
    mipmapGen.destroy();
    samplerMgr.destroy();
    resourcePool.destroy();
    pipelinePool.destroy();
    rootSignaturePool.destroy();
    rtvPool.destroy();
    dsvPool.destroy();
    cbvSrvUavPool.destroy();
 
    for (int i = 0; i < QD3D12_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; ++i) {
        cmdAllocators[i]->Release();
        cmdAllocators[i] = nullptr;
    }
 
    if (fullFenceEvent) {
        CloseHandle(fullFenceEvent);
        fullFenceEvent = nullptr;
    }
 
    if (fullFence) {
        fullFence->Release();
        fullFence = nullptr;
    }
 
    if (!importedCommandQueue) {
        if (cmdQueue) {
            cmdQueue->Release();
            cmdQueue = nullptr;
        }
    }
 
    vma.destroy();
 
    if (!importedDevice) {
        if (dev) {
            dev->Release();
            dev = nullptr;
        }
    }
 
    if (dcompDevice) {
        dcompDevice->Release();
        dcompDevice = nullptr;
    }
 
    if (activeAdapter) {
        activeAdapter->Release();
        activeAdapter = nullptr;
    }
 
    if (dxgiFactory) {
        dxgiFactory->Release();
        dxgiFactory = nullptr;
    }
}
 
QList<int> QRhiD3D12::supportedSampleCounts() const
{
    return { 1, 2, 4, 8 };
}
 
QRhiSwapChain *QRhiD3D12::createSwapChain()
{
    return new QD3D12SwapChain(this);
}
 
QRhiBuffer *QRhiD3D12::createBuffer(QRhiBuffer::Type type, QRhiBuffer::UsageFlags usage, quint32 size)
{
    return new QD3D12Buffer(this, type, usage, size);
}
 
int QRhiD3D12::ubufAlignment() const
{
    return D3D12_CONSTANT_BUFFER_DATA_PLACEMENT_ALIGNMENT; // 256
}
 
bool QRhiD3D12::isYUpInFramebuffer() const
{
    return false;
}
 
bool QRhiD3D12::isYUpInNDC() const
{
    return true;
}
 
bool QRhiD3D12::isClipDepthZeroToOne() const
{
    return true;
}
 
QMatrix4x4 QRhiD3D12::clipSpaceCorrMatrix() const
{
    // Like with Vulkan, but Y is already good.
 
    static QMatrix4x4 m;
    if (m.isIdentity()) {
        // NB the ctor takes row-major
        m = QMatrix4x4(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
                       0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
                       0.0f, 0.0f, 0.5f, 0.5f,
                       0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
    }
    return m;
}
 
bool QRhiD3D12::isTextureFormatSupported(QRhiTexture::Format format, QRhiTexture::Flags flags) const
{
    Q_UNUSED(flags);
 
    if (format >= QRhiTexture::ETC2_RGB8 && format <= QRhiTexture::ASTC_12x12)
        return false;
 
    return true;
}
 
bool QRhiD3D12::isFeatureSupported(QRhi::Feature feature) const
{
    switch (feature) {
    case QRhi::MultisampleTexture:
        return true;
    case QRhi::MultisampleRenderBuffer:
        return true;
    case QRhi::DebugMarkers:
#ifdef QRHI_D3D12_HAS_OLD_PIX
        return true;
#else
        return false;
#endif
    case QRhi::Timestamps:
        return false; // ###
    case QRhi::Instancing:
        return true;
    case QRhi::CustomInstanceStepRate:
        return true;
    case QRhi::PrimitiveRestart:
        return true;
    case QRhi::NonDynamicUniformBuffers:
        return false;
    case QRhi::NonFourAlignedEffectiveIndexBufferOffset:
        return true;
    case QRhi::NPOTTextureRepeat:
        return true;
    case QRhi::RedOrAlpha8IsRed:
        return true;
    case QRhi::ElementIndexUint:
        return true;
    case QRhi::Compute:
        return true;
    case QRhi::WideLines:
        return false;
    case QRhi::VertexShaderPointSize:
        return false;
    case QRhi::BaseVertex:
        return true;
    case QRhi::BaseInstance:
        return true;
    case QRhi::TriangleFanTopology:
        return false;
    case QRhi::ReadBackNonUniformBuffer:
        return true;
    case QRhi::ReadBackNonBaseMipLevel:
        return true;
    case QRhi::TexelFetch:
        return true;
    case QRhi::RenderToNonBaseMipLevel:
        return true;
    case QRhi::IntAttributes:
        return true;
    case QRhi::ScreenSpaceDerivatives:
        return true;
    case QRhi::ReadBackAnyTextureFormat:
        return true;
    case QRhi::PipelineCacheDataLoadSave:
        return false; // ###
    case QRhi::ImageDataStride:
        return true;
    case QRhi::RenderBufferImport:
        return false;
    case QRhi::ThreeDimensionalTextures:
        return true;
    case QRhi::RenderTo3DTextureSlice:
        return true;
    case QRhi::TextureArrays:
        return true;
    case QRhi::Tessellation:
        return true;
    case QRhi::GeometryShader:
        return true;
    case QRhi::TextureArrayRange:
        return true;
    case QRhi::NonFillPolygonMode:
        return true;
    case QRhi::OneDimensionalTextures:
        return true;
    case QRhi::OneDimensionalTextureMipmaps:
        return false; // we generate mipmaps ourselves with compute and this is not implemented
    case QRhi::HalfAttributes:
        return true;
    case QRhi::RenderToOneDimensionalTexture:
        return true;
    case QRhi::ThreeDimensionalTextureMipmaps:
        return false; // we generate mipmaps ourselves with compute and this is not implemented
    case QRhi::MultiView:
        return caps.multiView;
    }
    return false;
}
 
int QRhiD3D12::resourceLimit(QRhi::ResourceLimit limit) const
{
    switch (limit) {
    case QRhi::TextureSizeMin:
        return 1;
    case QRhi::TextureSizeMax:
        return 16384;
    case QRhi::MaxColorAttachments:
        return 8;
    case QRhi::FramesInFlight:
        return QD3D12_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
    case QRhi::MaxAsyncReadbackFrames:
        return QD3D12_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
    case QRhi::MaxThreadGroupsPerDimension:
        return 65535;
    case QRhi::MaxThreadsPerThreadGroup:
        return 1024;
    case QRhi::MaxThreadGroupX:
        return 1024;
    case QRhi::MaxThreadGroupY:
        return 1024;
    case QRhi::MaxThreadGroupZ:
        return 1024;
    case QRhi::TextureArraySizeMax:
        return 2048;
    case QRhi::MaxUniformBufferRange:
        return 65536;
    case QRhi::MaxVertexInputs:
        return 32;
    case QRhi::MaxVertexOutputs:
        return 32;
    }
    return 0;
}
 
const QRhiNativeHandles *QRhiD3D12::nativeHandles()
{
    return &nativeHandlesStruct;
}
 
QRhiDriverInfo QRhiD3D12::driverInfo() const
{
    return driverInfoStruct;
}
 
QRhiStats QRhiD3D12::statistics()
{
    QRhiStats result;
    result.totalPipelineCreationTime = totalPipelineCreationTime();
 
    D3D12MA::Budget budgets[2]; // [gpu, system] with discreet GPU or [shared, nothing] with UMA
    vma.getBudget(&budgets[0], &budgets[1]);
    for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
        const D3D12MA::Statistics &stats(budgets[i].Stats);
        result.blockCount += stats.BlockCount;
        result.allocCount += stats.AllocationCount;
        result.usedBytes += stats.AllocationBytes;
        result.unusedBytes += stats.BlockBytes - stats.AllocationBytes;
        result.totalUsageBytes += budgets[i].UsageBytes;
    }
 
    return result;
}
 
bool QRhiD3D12::makeThreadLocalNativeContextCurrent()
{
    // not applicable
    return false;
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::releaseCachedResources()
{
    shaderBytecodeCache.data.clear();
}
 
bool QRhiD3D12::isDeviceLost() const
{
    return deviceLost;
}
 
QByteArray QRhiD3D12::pipelineCacheData()
{
    return {};
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::setPipelineCacheData(const QByteArray &data)
{
    Q_UNUSED(data);
}
 
QRhiRenderBuffer *QRhiD3D12::createRenderBuffer(QRhiRenderBuffer::Type type, const QSize &pixelSize,
                                                int sampleCount, QRhiRenderBuffer::Flags flags,
                                                QRhiTexture::Format backingFormatHint)
{
    return new QD3D12RenderBuffer(this, type, pixelSize, sampleCount, flags, backingFormatHint);
}
 
QRhiTexture *QRhiD3D12::createTexture(QRhiTexture::Format format,
                                      const QSize &pixelSize, int depth, int arraySize,
                                      int sampleCount, QRhiTexture::Flags flags)
{
    return new QD3D12Texture(this, format, pixelSize, depth, arraySize, sampleCount, flags);
}
 
QRhiSampler *QRhiD3D12::createSampler(QRhiSampler::Filter magFilter, QRhiSampler::Filter minFilter,
                                      QRhiSampler::Filter mipmapMode,
                                      QRhiSampler::AddressMode u, QRhiSampler::AddressMode v, QRhiSampler::AddressMode w)
{
    return new QD3D12Sampler(this, magFilter, minFilter, mipmapMode, u, v, w);
}
 
QRhiTextureRenderTarget *QRhiD3D12::createTextureRenderTarget(const QRhiTextureRenderTargetDescription &desc,
                                                              QRhiTextureRenderTarget::Flags flags)
{
    return new QD3D12TextureRenderTarget(this, desc, flags);
}
 
QRhiGraphicsPipeline *QRhiD3D12::createGraphicsPipeline()
{
    return new QD3D12GraphicsPipeline(this);
}
 
QRhiComputePipeline *QRhiD3D12::createComputePipeline()
{
    return new QD3D12ComputePipeline(this);
}
 
QRhiShaderResourceBindings *QRhiD3D12::createShaderResourceBindings()
{
    return new QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings(this);
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::setGraphicsPipeline(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiGraphicsPipeline *ps)
{
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D12CommandBuffer::RenderPass);
    QD3D12GraphicsPipeline *psD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12GraphicsPipeline, ps);
    const bool pipelineChanged = cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline != psD || cbD->currentPipelineGeneration != psD->generation;
 
    if (pipelineChanged) {
        cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline = psD;
        cbD->currentComputePipeline = nullptr;
        cbD->currentPipelineGeneration = psD->generation;
 
        if (QD3D12Pipeline *pipeline = pipelinePool.lookupRef(psD->handle)) {
            Q_ASSERT(pipeline->type == QD3D12Pipeline::Graphics);
            cbD->cmdList->SetPipelineState(pipeline->pso);
            if (QD3D12RootSignature *rs = rootSignaturePool.lookupRef(psD->rootSigHandle))
                cbD->cmdList->SetGraphicsRootSignature(rs->rootSig);
        }
 
        cbD->cmdList->IASetPrimitiveTopology(psD->topology);
 
        if (psD->viewInstanceMask)
            cbD->cmdList->SetViewInstanceMask(psD->viewInstanceMask);
    }
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::visitUniformBuffer(QD3D12Stage s,
                                   const QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Data::UniformBufferData &d,
                                   int,
                                   int binding,
                                   int dynamicOffsetCount,
                                   const QRhiCommandBuffer::DynamicOffset *dynamicOffsets)
{
    QD3D12Buffer *bufD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Buffer, d.buf);
    quint32 offset = d.offset;
    if (d.hasDynamicOffset) {
        for (int i = 0; i < dynamicOffsetCount; ++i) {
            const QRhiCommandBuffer::DynamicOffset &dynOfs(dynamicOffsets[i]);
            if (dynOfs.first == binding) {
                Q_ASSERT(aligned(dynOfs.second, 256u) == dynOfs.second);
                offset += dynOfs.second;
            }
        }
    }
    visitorData.cbufs[s].append({ bufD->handles[currentFrameSlot], offset });
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::visitTexture(QD3D12Stage s,
                             const QRhiShaderResourceBinding::TextureAndSampler &d,
                             int)
{
    QD3D12Texture *texD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Texture, d.tex);
    visitorData.srvs[s].append(texD->srv);
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::visitSampler(QD3D12Stage s,
                             const QRhiShaderResourceBinding::TextureAndSampler &d,
                             int)
{
    QD3D12Sampler *samplerD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Sampler, d.sampler);
    visitorData.samplers[s].append(samplerD->lookupOrCreateShaderVisibleDescriptor());
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::visitStorageBuffer(QD3D12Stage s,
                                   const QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Data::StorageBufferData &d,
                                   QD3D12ShaderResourceVisitor::StorageOp,
                                   int)
{
    QD3D12Buffer *bufD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Buffer, d.buf);
    // SPIRV-Cross generated HLSL uses RWByteAddressBuffer
    D3D12_UNORDERED_ACCESS_VIEW_DESC uavDesc = {};
    uavDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R32_TYPELESS;
    uavDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_UAV_DIMENSION_BUFFER;
    uavDesc.Buffer.FirstElement = d.offset / 4;
    uavDesc.Buffer.NumElements = aligned(bufD->m_size - d.offset, 4u) / 4;
    uavDesc.Buffer.Flags = D3D12_BUFFER_UAV_FLAG_RAW;
    visitorData.uavs[s].append({ bufD->handles[0], uavDesc });
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::visitStorageImage(QD3D12Stage s,
                                  const QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Data::StorageImageData &d,
                                  QD3D12ShaderResourceVisitor::StorageOp,
                                  int)
{
    QD3D12Texture *texD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Texture, d.tex);
    const bool isCube = texD->m_flags.testFlag(QRhiTexture::CubeMap);
    const bool isArray = texD->m_flags.testFlag(QRhiTexture::TextureArray);
    const bool is3D = texD->m_flags.testFlag(QRhiTexture::ThreeDimensional);
    D3D12_UNORDERED_ACCESS_VIEW_DESC uavDesc = {};
    uavDesc.Format = texD->dxgiFormat;
    if (isCube) {
        uavDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_UAV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DARRAY;
        uavDesc.Texture2DArray.MipSlice = UINT(d.level);
        uavDesc.Texture2DArray.FirstArraySlice = 0;
        uavDesc.Texture2DArray.ArraySize = 6;
    } else if (isArray) {
        uavDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_UAV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DARRAY;
        uavDesc.Texture2DArray.MipSlice = UINT(d.level);
        uavDesc.Texture2DArray.FirstArraySlice = 0;
        uavDesc.Texture2DArray.ArraySize = UINT(qMax(0, texD->m_arraySize));
    } else if (is3D) {
        uavDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_UAV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE3D;
        uavDesc.Texture3D.MipSlice = UINT(d.level);
    } else {
        uavDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_UAV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
        uavDesc.Texture2D.MipSlice = UINT(d.level);
    }
    visitorData.uavs[s].append({ texD->handle, uavDesc });
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::setShaderResources(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiShaderResourceBindings *srb,
                                   int dynamicOffsetCount,
                                   const QRhiCommandBuffer::DynamicOffset *dynamicOffsets)
{
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass != QD3D12CommandBuffer::NoPass);
    QD3D12GraphicsPipeline *gfxPsD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12GraphicsPipeline, cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline);
    QD3D12ComputePipeline *compPsD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12ComputePipeline, cbD->currentComputePipeline);
 
    if (!srb) {
        if (gfxPsD)
            srb = gfxPsD->m_shaderResourceBindings;
        else
            srb = compPsD->m_shaderResourceBindings;
    }
 
    QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings *srbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings, srb);
 
    for (int i = 0, ie = srbD->sortedBindings.size(); i != ie; ++i) {
        const QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Data *b = shaderResourceBindingData(srbD->sortedBindings[i]);
        switch (b->type) {
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::UniformBuffer:
        {
            QD3D12Buffer *bufD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Buffer, b->u.ubuf.buf);
            Q_ASSERT(bufD->m_usage.testFlag(QRhiBuffer::UniformBuffer));
            Q_ASSERT(bufD->m_type == QRhiBuffer::Dynamic);
            bufD->executeHostWritesForFrameSlot(currentFrameSlot);
        }
            break;
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::SampledTexture:
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Texture:
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Sampler:
        {
            const QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Data::TextureAndOrSamplerData *data = &b->u.stex;
            for (int elem = 0; elem < data->count; ++elem) {
                QD3D12Texture *texD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Texture, data->texSamplers[elem].tex);
                QD3D12Sampler *samplerD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Sampler, data->texSamplers[elem].sampler);
                // We use the same code path for both combined and separate
                // images and samplers, so tex or sampler (but not both) can be
                // null here.
                Q_ASSERT(texD || samplerD);
                if (texD) {
                    UINT state = 0;
                    if (b->stage == QRhiShaderResourceBinding::FragmentStage) {
                        state = D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_PIXEL_SHADER_RESOURCE;
                    } else if (b->stage.testFlag(QRhiShaderResourceBinding::FragmentStage)) {
                        state = D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_PIXEL_SHADER_RESOURCE | D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_NON_PIXEL_SHADER_RESOURCE;
                    } else {
                        state = D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_NON_PIXEL_SHADER_RESOURCE;
                    }
                    barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(texD->handle, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES(state));
                    barrierGen.enqueueBufferedTransitionBarriers(cbD);
                }
            }
        }
            break;
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::ImageLoad:
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::ImageStore:
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::ImageLoadStore:
        {
            QD3D12Texture *texD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Texture, b->u.simage.tex);
            if (QD3D12Resource *res = resourcePool.lookupRef(texD->handle)) {
                if (res->uavUsage) {
                    if (res->uavUsage & QD3D12Resource::UavUsageWrite) {
                        // RaW or WaW
                        barrierGen.enqueueUavBarrier(cbD, texD->handle);
                    } else {
                        if (b->type == QRhiShaderResourceBinding::ImageStore
                                || b->type == QRhiShaderResourceBinding::ImageLoadStore)
                        {
                            // WaR or WaW
                            barrierGen.enqueueUavBarrier(cbD, texD->handle);
                        }
                    }
                }
                res->uavUsage = 0;
                if (b->type == QRhiShaderResourceBinding::ImageLoad || b->type == QRhiShaderResourceBinding::ImageLoadStore)
                    res->uavUsage |= QD3D12Resource::UavUsageRead;
                if (b->type == QRhiShaderResourceBinding::ImageStore || b->type == QRhiShaderResourceBinding::ImageLoadStore)
                    res->uavUsage |= QD3D12Resource::UavUsageWrite;
                barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(texD->handle, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_UNORDERED_ACCESS);
                barrierGen.enqueueBufferedTransitionBarriers(cbD);
            }
        }
            break;
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::BufferLoad:
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::BufferStore:
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::BufferLoadStore:
        {
            QD3D12Buffer *bufD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Buffer, b->u.sbuf.buf);
            Q_ASSERT(bufD->m_usage.testFlag(QRhiBuffer::StorageBuffer));
            Q_ASSERT(bufD->m_type != QRhiBuffer::Dynamic);
            if (QD3D12Resource *res = resourcePool.lookupRef(bufD->handles[0])) {
                if (res->uavUsage) {
                    if (res->uavUsage & QD3D12Resource::UavUsageWrite) {
                        // RaW or WaW
                        barrierGen.enqueueUavBarrier(cbD, bufD->handles[0]);
                    } else {
                        if (b->type == QRhiShaderResourceBinding::BufferStore
                                || b->type == QRhiShaderResourceBinding::BufferLoadStore)
                        {
                            // WaR or WaW
                            barrierGen.enqueueUavBarrier(cbD, bufD->handles[0]);
                        }
                    }
                }
                res->uavUsage = 0;
                if (b->type == QRhiShaderResourceBinding::BufferLoad || b->type == QRhiShaderResourceBinding::BufferLoadStore)
                    res->uavUsage |= QD3D12Resource::UavUsageRead;
                if (b->type == QRhiShaderResourceBinding::BufferStore || b->type == QRhiShaderResourceBinding::BufferLoadStore)
                    res->uavUsage |= QD3D12Resource::UavUsageWrite;
                barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(bufD->handles[0], D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_UNORDERED_ACCESS);
                barrierGen.enqueueBufferedTransitionBarriers(cbD);
            }
        }
            break;
        }
    }
 
    const bool srbChanged = gfxPsD ? (cbD->currentGraphicsSrb != srb) : (cbD->currentComputeSrb != srb);
    const bool srbRebuilt = cbD->currentSrbGeneration != srbD->generation;
 
    if (srbChanged || srbRebuilt || srbD->hasDynamicOffset) {
        const QD3D12ShaderStageData *stageData = gfxPsD ? gfxPsD->stageData.data() : &compPsD->stageData;
 
        // The order of root parameters must match
        // QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings::createRootSignature(), meaning the
        // logic below must mirror that function (uniform buffers first etc.)
 
        QD3D12ShaderResourceVisitor visitor(srbD, stageData, gfxPsD ? 5 : 1);
 
        visitorData = {};
 
        using namespace std::placeholders;
        visitor.uniformBuffer = std::bind(&QRhiD3D12::visitUniformBuffer, this, _1, _2, _3, _4, dynamicOffsetCount, dynamicOffsets);
        visitor.texture = std::bind(&QRhiD3D12::visitTexture, this, _1, _2, _3);
        visitor.sampler = std::bind(&QRhiD3D12::visitSampler, this, _1, _2, _3);
        visitor.storageBuffer = std::bind(&QRhiD3D12::visitStorageBuffer, this, _1, _2, _3, _4);
        visitor.storageImage = std::bind(&QRhiD3D12::visitStorageImage, this, _1, _2, _3, _4);
 
        visitor.visit();
 
        quint32 cbvSrvUavCount = 0;
        for (int s = 0; s < 6; ++s) {
            // CBs use root constant buffer views, no need to count them here
            cbvSrvUavCount += visitorData.srvs[s].count();
            cbvSrvUavCount += visitorData.uavs[s].count();
        }
 
        bool gotNewHeap = false;
        if (!ensureShaderVisibleDescriptorHeapCapacity(&shaderVisibleCbvSrvUavHeap,
                                                       D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_CBV_SRV_UAV,
                                                       currentFrameSlot,
                                                       cbvSrvUavCount,
                                                       &gotNewHeap))
        {
            return;
        }
        if (gotNewHeap) {
            qCDebug(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "Created new shader-visible CBV/SRV/UAV descriptor heap,"
                    " per-frame slice size is now %u,"
                    " if this happens frequently then that's not great.",
                    shaderVisibleCbvSrvUavHeap.perFrameHeapSlice[0].capacity);
            bindShaderVisibleHeaps(cbD);
        }
 
        int rootParamIndex = 0;
        for (int s = 0; s < 6; ++s) {
            if (!visitorData.cbufs[s].isEmpty()) {
                for (int i = 0, count = visitorData.cbufs[s].count(); i < count; ++i) {
                    const auto &cbuf(visitorData.cbufs[s][i]);
                    if (QD3D12Resource *res = resourcePool.lookupRef(cbuf.first)) {
                        quint32 offset = cbuf.second;
                        D3D12_GPU_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS gpuAddr = res->resource->GetGPUVirtualAddress() + offset;
                        if (cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline)
                            cbD->cmdList->SetGraphicsRootConstantBufferView(rootParamIndex, gpuAddr);
                        else
                            cbD->cmdList->SetComputeRootConstantBufferView(rootParamIndex, gpuAddr);
                    }
                    rootParamIndex += 1;
                }
            }
        }
        for (int s = 0; s < 6; ++s) {
            if (!visitorData.srvs[s].isEmpty()) {
                QD3D12DescriptorHeap &gpuSrvHeap(shaderVisibleCbvSrvUavHeap.perFrameHeapSlice[currentFrameSlot]);
                QD3D12Descriptor startDesc = gpuSrvHeap.get(visitorData.srvs[s].count());
                for (int i = 0, count = visitorData.srvs[s].count(); i < count; ++i) {
                    const auto &srv(visitorData.srvs[s][i]);
                    dev->CopyDescriptorsSimple(1, gpuSrvHeap.incremented(startDesc, i).cpuHandle, srv.cpuHandle,
                                               D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_CBV_SRV_UAV);
                }
 
                if (cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline)
                    cbD->cmdList->SetGraphicsRootDescriptorTable(rootParamIndex, startDesc.gpuHandle);
                else if (cbD->currentComputePipeline)
                    cbD->cmdList->SetComputeRootDescriptorTable(rootParamIndex, startDesc.gpuHandle);
 
                rootParamIndex += 1;
            }
        }
        for (int s = 0; s < 6; ++s) {
            // Samplers are one parameter / descriptor table each, and the
            // descriptor is from the shader visible sampler heap already.
            for (const QD3D12Descriptor &samplerDescriptor : visitorData.samplers[s]) {
                if (cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline)
                    cbD->cmdList->SetGraphicsRootDescriptorTable(rootParamIndex, samplerDescriptor.gpuHandle);
                else if (cbD->currentComputePipeline)
                    cbD->cmdList->SetComputeRootDescriptorTable(rootParamIndex, samplerDescriptor.gpuHandle);
 
                rootParamIndex += 1;
            }
        }
        for (int s = 0; s < 6; ++s) {
            if (!visitorData.uavs[s].isEmpty()) {
                QD3D12DescriptorHeap &gpuUavHeap(shaderVisibleCbvSrvUavHeap.perFrameHeapSlice[currentFrameSlot]);
                QD3D12Descriptor startDesc = gpuUavHeap.get(visitorData.uavs[s].count());
                for (int i = 0, count = visitorData.uavs[s].count(); i < count; ++i) {
                    const auto &uav(visitorData.uavs[s][i]);
                    if (QD3D12Resource *res = resourcePool.lookupRef(uav.first)) {
                        dev->CreateUnorderedAccessView(res->resource, nullptr, &uav.second,
                                                       gpuUavHeap.incremented(startDesc, i).cpuHandle);
                    } else {
                        dev->CreateUnorderedAccessView(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr,
                                                       gpuUavHeap.incremented(startDesc, i).cpuHandle);
                    }
                }
 
                if (cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline)
                    cbD->cmdList->SetGraphicsRootDescriptorTable(rootParamIndex, startDesc.gpuHandle);
                else if (cbD->currentComputePipeline)
                    cbD->cmdList->SetComputeRootDescriptorTable(rootParamIndex, startDesc.gpuHandle);
 
                rootParamIndex += 1;
            }
        }
 
        if (gfxPsD) {
            cbD->currentGraphicsSrb = srb;
            cbD->currentComputeSrb = nullptr;
        } else {
            cbD->currentGraphicsSrb = nullptr;
            cbD->currentComputeSrb = srb;
        }
        cbD->currentSrbGeneration = srbD->generation;
    }
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::setVertexInput(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb,
                               int startBinding, int bindingCount, const QRhiCommandBuffer::VertexInput *bindings,
                               QRhiBuffer *indexBuf, quint32 indexOffset, QRhiCommandBuffer::IndexFormat indexFormat)
{
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D12CommandBuffer::RenderPass);
 
    bool needsBindVBuf = false;
    for (int i = 0; i < bindingCount; ++i) {
        const int inputSlot = startBinding + i;
        QD3D12Buffer *bufD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Buffer, bindings[i].first);
        Q_ASSERT(bufD->m_usage.testFlag(QRhiBuffer::VertexBuffer));
        const bool isDynamic = bufD->m_type == QRhiBuffer::Dynamic;
        if (isDynamic)
            bufD->executeHostWritesForFrameSlot(currentFrameSlot);
 
        if (cbD->currentVertexBuffers[inputSlot] != bufD->handles[isDynamic ? currentFrameSlot : 0]
                || cbD->currentVertexOffsets[inputSlot] != bindings[i].second)
        {
            needsBindVBuf = true;
            cbD->currentVertexBuffers[inputSlot] = bufD->handles[isDynamic ? currentFrameSlot : 0];
            cbD->currentVertexOffsets[inputSlot] = bindings[i].second;
        }
    }
 
    if (needsBindVBuf) {
        QVarLengthArray<D3D12_VERTEX_BUFFER_VIEW, 4> vbv;
        vbv.reserve(bindingCount);
 
        QD3D12GraphicsPipeline *psD = cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline;
        const QRhiVertexInputLayout &inputLayout(psD->m_vertexInputLayout);
        const int inputBindingCount = inputLayout.cendBindings() - inputLayout.cbeginBindings();
 
        for (int i = 0, ie = qMin(bindingCount, inputBindingCount); i != ie; ++i) {
            QD3D12Buffer *bufD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Buffer, bindings[i].first);
            const QD3D12ObjectHandle handle = bufD->handles[bufD->m_type == QRhiBuffer::Dynamic ? currentFrameSlot : 0];
            const quint32 offset = bindings[i].second;
            const quint32 stride = inputLayout.bindingAt(i)->stride();
 
            if (bufD->m_type != QRhiBuffer::Dynamic) {
                barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(handle, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_VERTEX_AND_CONSTANT_BUFFER);
                barrierGen.enqueueBufferedTransitionBarriers(cbD);
            }
 
            if (QD3D12Resource *res = resourcePool.lookupRef(handle)) {
                vbv.append({
                    res->resource->GetGPUVirtualAddress() + offset,
                    UINT(res->desc.Width - offset),
                    stride
                });
            }
        }
 
        cbD->cmdList->IASetVertexBuffers(UINT(startBinding), vbv.count(), vbv.constData());
    }
 
    if (indexBuf) {
        QD3D12Buffer *ibufD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Buffer, indexBuf);
        Q_ASSERT(ibufD->m_usage.testFlag(QRhiBuffer::IndexBuffer));
        const bool isDynamic = ibufD->m_type == QRhiBuffer::Dynamic;
        if (isDynamic)
            ibufD->executeHostWritesForFrameSlot(currentFrameSlot);
 
        const DXGI_FORMAT dxgiFormat = indexFormat == QRhiCommandBuffer::IndexUInt16 ? DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UINT
                                                                                     : DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT;
        if (cbD->currentIndexBuffer != ibufD->handles[isDynamic ? currentFrameSlot : 0]
                || cbD->currentIndexOffset != indexOffset
                || cbD->currentIndexFormat != dxgiFormat)
        {
            cbD->currentIndexBuffer = ibufD->handles[isDynamic ? currentFrameSlot : 0];
            cbD->currentIndexOffset = indexOffset;
            cbD->currentIndexFormat = dxgiFormat;
 
            if (ibufD->m_type != QRhiBuffer::Dynamic) {
                barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(cbD->currentIndexBuffer, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_INDEX_BUFFER);
                barrierGen.enqueueBufferedTransitionBarriers(cbD);
            }
 
            if (QD3D12Resource *res = resourcePool.lookupRef(cbD->currentIndexBuffer)) {
                const D3D12_INDEX_BUFFER_VIEW ibv = {
                    res->resource->GetGPUVirtualAddress() + indexOffset,
                    UINT(res->desc.Width - indexOffset),
                    dxgiFormat
                };
                cbD->cmdList->IASetIndexBuffer(&ibv);
            }
        }
    }
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::setViewport(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, const QRhiViewport &viewport)
{
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D12CommandBuffer::RenderPass);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->currentTarget);
    const QSize outputSize = cbD->currentTarget->pixelSize();
 
    // D3D expects top-left, QRhiViewport is bottom-left
    float x, y, w, h;
    if (!qrhi_toTopLeftRenderTargetRect<UnBounded>(outputSize, viewport.viewport(), &x, &y, &w, &h))
        return;
 
    D3D12_VIEWPORT v;
    v.TopLeftX = x;
    v.TopLeftY = y;
    v.Width = w;
    v.Height = h;
    v.MinDepth = viewport.minDepth();
    v.MaxDepth = viewport.maxDepth();
    cbD->cmdList->RSSetViewports(1, &v);
 
    if (cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline
            && !cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline->flags().testFlag(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::UsesScissor))
    {
        qrhi_toTopLeftRenderTargetRect<Bounded>(outputSize, viewport.viewport(), &x, &y, &w, &h);
        D3D12_RECT r;
        r.left = x;
        r.top = y;
        // right and bottom are exclusive
        r.right = x + w;
        r.bottom = y + h;
        cbD->cmdList->RSSetScissorRects(1, &r);
    }
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::setScissor(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, const QRhiScissor &scissor)
{
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D12CommandBuffer::RenderPass);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->currentTarget);
    const QSize outputSize = cbD->currentTarget->pixelSize();
 
    // D3D expects top-left, QRhiScissor is bottom-left
    int x, y, w, h;
    if (!qrhi_toTopLeftRenderTargetRect<Bounded>(outputSize, scissor.scissor(), &x, &y, &w, &h))
        return;
 
    D3D12_RECT r;
    r.left = x;
    r.top = y;
    // right and bottom are exclusive
    r.right = x + w;
    r.bottom = y + h;
    cbD->cmdList->RSSetScissorRects(1, &r);
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::setBlendConstants(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, const QColor &c)
{
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D12CommandBuffer::RenderPass);
    float v[4] = { c.redF(), c.greenF(), c.blueF(), c.alphaF() };
    cbD->cmdList->OMSetBlendFactor(v);
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::setStencilRef(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, quint32 refValue)
{
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D12CommandBuffer::RenderPass);
    cbD->cmdList->OMSetStencilRef(refValue);
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::draw(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, quint32 vertexCount,
                     quint32 instanceCount, quint32 firstVertex, quint32 firstInstance)
{
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D12CommandBuffer::RenderPass);
    cbD->cmdList->DrawInstanced(vertexCount, instanceCount, firstVertex, firstInstance);
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::drawIndexed(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, quint32 indexCount,
                            quint32 instanceCount, quint32 firstIndex, qint32 vertexOffset, quint32 firstInstance)
{
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D12CommandBuffer::RenderPass);
    cbD->cmdList->DrawIndexedInstanced(indexCount, instanceCount,
                                       firstIndex, vertexOffset,
                                       firstInstance);
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::debugMarkBegin(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, const QByteArray &name)
{
    if (!debugMarkers)
        return;
 
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12CommandBuffer, cb);
#ifdef QRHI_D3D12_HAS_OLD_PIX
    PIXBeginEvent(cbD->cmdList, PIX_COLOR_DEFAULT, reinterpret_cast<LPCWSTR>(QString::fromLatin1(name).utf16()));
#else
    Q_UNUSED(cbD);
    Q_UNUSED(name);
#endif
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::debugMarkEnd(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
{
    if (!debugMarkers)
        return;
 
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12CommandBuffer, cb);
#ifdef QRHI_D3D12_HAS_OLD_PIX
    PIXEndEvent(cbD->cmdList);
#else
    Q_UNUSED(cbD);
#endif
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::debugMarkMsg(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, const QByteArray &msg)
{
    if (!debugMarkers)
        return;
 
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12CommandBuffer, cb);
#ifdef QRHI_D3D12_HAS_OLD_PIX
    PIXSetMarker(cbD->cmdList, PIX_COLOR_DEFAULT, reinterpret_cast<LPCWSTR>(QString::fromLatin1(msg).utf16()));
#else
    Q_UNUSED(cbD);
    Q_UNUSED(msg);
#endif
}
 
const QRhiNativeHandles *QRhiD3D12::nativeHandles(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
{
    return QRHI_RES(QD3D12CommandBuffer, cb)->nativeHandles();
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::beginExternal(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
{
    Q_UNUSED(cb);
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::endExternal(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
{
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12CommandBuffer, cb);
    cbD->resetPerPassState();
    bindShaderVisibleHeaps(cbD);
    if (cbD->currentTarget) { // could be compute, no rendertarget then
        QD3D12RenderTargetData *rtD = rtData(cbD->currentTarget);
        cbD->cmdList->OMSetRenderTargets(UINT(rtD->colorAttCount),
                                         rtD->rtv,
                                         TRUE,
                                         rtD->dsAttCount ? &rtD->dsv : nullptr);
    }
}
 
double QRhiD3D12::lastCompletedGpuTime(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
{
    Q_UNUSED(cb);
    return 0;
}
 
QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiD3D12::beginFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags)
{
    Q_UNUSED(flags);
 
    QD3D12SwapChain *swapChainD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12SwapChain, swapChain);
    currentSwapChain = swapChainD;
    currentFrameSlot = swapChainD->currentFrameSlot;
    QD3D12SwapChain::FrameResources &fr(swapChainD->frameRes[currentFrameSlot]);
 
    // We could do smarter things but mirror the Vulkan backend for now: Make
    // sure the previous commands for this same frame slot have finished. Do
    // this also for any other swapchain's commands with the same frame slot.
    // While this reduces concurrency in render-to-swapchain-A,
    // render-to-swapchain-B, repeat kind of scenarios, it keeps resource usage
    // safe: swapchain A starting its frame 0, followed by swapchain B starting
    // its own frame 0 will make B wait for A's frame 0 commands. If a resource
    // is written in B's frame or when B checks for pending resource releases,
    // that won't mess up A's in-flight commands (as they are guaranteed not to
    // be in flight anymore). With Qt Quick this situation cannot happen anyway
    // by design (one QRhi per window).
    for (QD3D12SwapChain *sc : std::as_const(swapchains))
        sc->waitCommandCompletionForFrameSlot(currentFrameSlot); // note: swapChainD->currentFrameSlot, not sc's
 
    HRESULT hr = cmdAllocators[currentFrameSlot]->Reset();
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to reset command allocator: %s",
                 qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return QRhi::FrameOpError;
    }
 
    if (!startCommandListForCurrentFrameSlot(&fr.cmdList))
        return QRhi::FrameOpError;
 
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = &swapChainD->cbWrapper;
    cbD->cmdList = fr.cmdList;
 
    swapChainD->rtWrapper.d.rtv[0] = swapChainD->sampleDesc.Count > 1
            ? swapChainD->msaaRtvs[swapChainD->currentBackBufferIndex].cpuHandle
            : swapChainD->rtvs[swapChainD->currentBackBufferIndex].cpuHandle;
 
    swapChainD->rtWrapper.d.dsv = swapChainD->ds ? swapChainD->ds->dsv.cpuHandle
                                                 : D3D12_CPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE { 0 };
 
    // Time to release things that are marked for currentFrameSlot since due to
    // the wait above we know that the previous commands on the GPU for this
    // slot must have finished already.
    releaseQueue.executeDeferredReleases(currentFrameSlot);
 
    // Full reset of the command buffer data.
    cbD->resetState();
 
    // Move the head back to zero for the per-frame shader-visible descriptor heap work areas.
    shaderVisibleCbvSrvUavHeap.perFrameHeapSlice[currentFrameSlot].head = 0;
    // Same for the small staging area.
    smallStagingAreas[currentFrameSlot].head = 0;
 
    bindShaderVisibleHeaps(cbD);
 
    finishActiveReadbacks(); // last, in case the readback-completed callback issues rhi calls
 
    return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
}
 
QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiD3D12::endFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags)
{
    QD3D12SwapChain *swapChainD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12SwapChain, swapChain);
    Q_ASSERT(currentSwapChain == swapChainD);
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = &swapChainD->cbWrapper;
 
    QD3D12ObjectHandle backBufferResourceHandle = swapChainD->colorBuffers[swapChainD->currentBackBufferIndex];
    if (swapChainD->sampleDesc.Count > 1) {
        QD3D12ObjectHandle msaaBackBufferResourceHandle = swapChainD->msaaBuffers[swapChainD->currentBackBufferIndex];
        barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(msaaBackBufferResourceHandle, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RESOLVE_SOURCE);
        barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(backBufferResourceHandle, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RESOLVE_DEST);
        barrierGen.enqueueBufferedTransitionBarriers(cbD);
        const QD3D12Resource *src = resourcePool.lookupRef(msaaBackBufferResourceHandle);
        const QD3D12Resource *dst = resourcePool.lookupRef(backBufferResourceHandle);
        if (src && dst)
            cbD->cmdList->ResolveSubresource(dst->resource, 0, src->resource, 0, swapChainD->colorFormat);
    }
 
    barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(backBufferResourceHandle, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_PRESENT);
    barrierGen.enqueueBufferedTransitionBarriers(cbD);
 
    ID3D12GraphicsCommandList1 *cmdList = cbD->cmdList;
    HRESULT hr = cmdList->Close();
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to close command list: %s",
                 qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return QRhi::FrameOpError;
    }
 
    ID3D12CommandList *execList[] = { cmdList };
    cmdQueue->ExecuteCommandLists(1, execList);
 
    if (!flags.testFlag(QRhi::SkipPresent)) {
        UINT presentFlags = 0;
        if (swapChainD->swapInterval == 0
                && (swapChainD->swapChainFlags & DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_FLAG_ALLOW_TEARING))
        {
            presentFlags |= DXGI_PRESENT_ALLOW_TEARING;
        }
        HRESULT hr = swapChainD->swapChain->Present(swapChainD->swapInterval, presentFlags);
        if (hr == DXGI_ERROR_DEVICE_REMOVED || hr == DXGI_ERROR_DEVICE_RESET) {
            qWarning("Device loss detected in Present()");
            deviceLost = true;
            return QRhi::FrameOpDeviceLost;
        } else if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to present: %s", qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return QRhi::FrameOpError;
        }
 
        if (dcompDevice && swapChainD->dcompTarget && swapChainD->dcompVisual)
            dcompDevice->Commit();
    }
 
    swapChainD->addCommandCompletionSignalForCurrentFrameSlot();
 
    // NB! The deferred-release mechanism here differs from the older QRhi
    // backends. There is no lastActiveFrameSlot tracking. Instead,
    // currentFrameSlot is written to the registered entries now, and so the
    // resources will get released in the frames_in_flight'th beginFrame()
    // counting starting from now.
    releaseQueue.activatePendingDeferredReleaseRequests(currentFrameSlot);
 
    if (!flags.testFlag(QRhi::SkipPresent)) {
        // Only move to the next slot if we presented. Otherwise will block and
        // wait for completion in the next beginFrame already, but SkipPresent
        // should be infrequent anyway.
        swapChainD->currentFrameSlot = (swapChainD->currentFrameSlot + 1) % QD3D12_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
        swapChainD->currentBackBufferIndex = swapChainD->swapChain->GetCurrentBackBufferIndex();
    }
 
    currentSwapChain = nullptr;
    return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
}
 
QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiD3D12::beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags)
{
    Q_UNUSED(flags);
 
    // Switch to the next slot manually. Swapchains do not know about this
    // which is good. So for example an onscreen, onscreen, offscreen,
    // onscreen, onscreen, onscreen sequence of frames leads to 0, 1, 0, 0, 1,
    // 0. (no strict alternation anymore) But this is not different from what
    // happens when multiple swapchains are involved. Offscreen frames are
    // synchronous anyway in the sense that they wait for execution to complete
    // in endOffscreenFrame, so no resources used in that frame are busy
    // anymore in the next frame.
 
    currentFrameSlot = (currentFrameSlot + 1) % QD3D12_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
 
    for (QD3D12SwapChain *sc : std::as_const(swapchains))
        sc->waitCommandCompletionForFrameSlot(currentFrameSlot); // note: not sc's currentFrameSlot
 
    if (!offscreenCb[currentFrameSlot])
        offscreenCb[currentFrameSlot] = new QD3D12CommandBuffer(this);
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = offscreenCb[currentFrameSlot];
    if (!startCommandListForCurrentFrameSlot(&cbD->cmdList))
        return QRhi::FrameOpError;
 
    releaseQueue.executeDeferredReleases(currentFrameSlot);
    cbD->resetState();
    shaderVisibleCbvSrvUavHeap.perFrameHeapSlice[currentFrameSlot].head = 0;
    smallStagingAreas[currentFrameSlot].head = 0;
 
    bindShaderVisibleHeaps(cbD);
 
    offscreenActive = true;
    *cb = cbD;
 
    return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
}
 
QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiD3D12::endOffscreenFrame(QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags)
{
    Q_UNUSED(flags);
    Q_ASSERT(offscreenActive);
    offscreenActive = false;
 
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = offscreenCb[currentFrameSlot];
    ID3D12GraphicsCommandList1 *cmdList = cbD->cmdList;
    HRESULT hr = cmdList->Close();
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to close command list: %s",
                 qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return QRhi::FrameOpError;
    }
 
    ID3D12CommandList *execList[] = { cmdList };
    cmdQueue->ExecuteCommandLists(1, execList);
 
    releaseQueue.activatePendingDeferredReleaseRequests(currentFrameSlot);
 
    // wait for completion
    waitGpu();
 
    // Here we know that executing the host-side reads for this (or any
    // previous) frame is safe since we waited for completion above.
    finishActiveReadbacks(true);
 
    return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
}
 
QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiD3D12::finish()
{
    if (!inFrame)
        return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
 
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = nullptr;
    if (offscreenActive) {
        Q_ASSERT(!currentSwapChain);
        cbD = offscreenCb[currentFrameSlot];
    } else {
        Q_ASSERT(currentSwapChain);
        cbD = &currentSwapChain->cbWrapper;
    }
    if (!cbD)
        return QRhi::FrameOpError;
 
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D12CommandBuffer::NoPass);
 
    ID3D12GraphicsCommandList1 *cmdList = cbD->cmdList;
    HRESULT hr = cmdList->Close();
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to close command list: %s",
                 qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return QRhi::FrameOpError;
    }
 
    ID3D12CommandList *execList[] = { cmdList };
    cmdQueue->ExecuteCommandLists(1, execList);
 
    releaseQueue.activatePendingDeferredReleaseRequests(currentFrameSlot);
 
    // full blocking wait for everything, frame slots do not matter now
    waitGpu();
 
    hr = cmdAllocators[currentFrameSlot]->Reset();
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to reset command allocator: %s",
                 qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return QRhi::FrameOpError;
    }
 
    if (!startCommandListForCurrentFrameSlot(&cmdList))
        return QRhi::FrameOpError;
 
    cbD->resetState();
 
    shaderVisibleCbvSrvUavHeap.perFrameHeapSlice[currentFrameSlot].head = 0;
    smallStagingAreas[currentFrameSlot].head = 0;
 
    bindShaderVisibleHeaps(cbD);
 
    releaseQueue.executeDeferredReleases(currentFrameSlot);
 
    finishActiveReadbacks(true);
 
    return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::resourceUpdate(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates)
{
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D12CommandBuffer::NoPass);
    enqueueResourceUpdates(cbD, resourceUpdates);
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::beginPass(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb,
                          QRhiRenderTarget *rt,
                          const QColor &colorClearValue,
                          const QRhiDepthStencilClearValue &depthStencilClearValue,
                          QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates,
                          QRhiCommandBuffer::BeginPassFlags)
{
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D12CommandBuffer::NoPass);
 
    if (resourceUpdates)
        enqueueResourceUpdates(cbD, resourceUpdates);
 
    QD3D12RenderTargetData *rtD = rtData(rt);
    bool wantsColorClear = true;
    bool wantsDsClear = true;
    if (rt->resourceType() == QRhiRenderTarget::TextureRenderTarget) {
        QD3D12TextureRenderTarget *rtTex = QRHI_RES(QD3D12TextureRenderTarget, rt);
        wantsColorClear = !rtTex->m_flags.testFlag(QRhiTextureRenderTarget::PreserveColorContents);
        wantsDsClear = !rtTex->m_flags.testFlag(QRhiTextureRenderTarget::PreserveDepthStencilContents);
        if (!QRhiRenderTargetAttachmentTracker::isUpToDate<QD3D12Texture, QD3D12RenderBuffer>(rtTex->description(), rtD->currentResIdList))
            rtTex->create();
 
        for (auto it = rtTex->m_desc.cbeginColorAttachments(), itEnd = rtTex->m_desc.cendColorAttachments(); it != itEnd; ++it) {
            QD3D12Texture *texD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Texture, it->texture());
            QD3D12Texture *resolveTexD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Texture, it->resolveTexture());
            QD3D12RenderBuffer *rbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12RenderBuffer, it->renderBuffer());
            if (texD)
                barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(texD->handle, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RENDER_TARGET);
            else if (rbD)
                barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(rbD->handle, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RENDER_TARGET);
            if (resolveTexD)
                barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(resolveTexD->handle, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RENDER_TARGET);
        }
        if (rtTex->m_desc.depthStencilBuffer()) {
            QD3D12RenderBuffer *rbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12RenderBuffer, rtTex->m_desc.depthStencilBuffer());
            Q_ASSERT(rbD->m_type == QRhiRenderBuffer::DepthStencil);
            barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(rbD->handle, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_DEPTH_WRITE);
        } else if (rtTex->m_desc.depthTexture()) {
            QD3D12Texture *depthTexD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Texture, rtTex->m_desc.depthTexture());
            barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(depthTexD->handle, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_DEPTH_WRITE);
        }
        barrierGen.enqueueBufferedTransitionBarriers(cbD);
    } else {
        Q_ASSERT(currentSwapChain);
        barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(currentSwapChain->sampleDesc.Count > 1
                                        ? currentSwapChain->msaaBuffers[currentSwapChain->currentBackBufferIndex]
                                        : currentSwapChain->colorBuffers[currentSwapChain->currentBackBufferIndex],
                                        D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RENDER_TARGET);
        barrierGen.enqueueBufferedTransitionBarriers(cbD);
    }
 
    cbD->cmdList->OMSetRenderTargets(UINT(rtD->colorAttCount),
                                     rtD->rtv,
                                     TRUE,
                                     rtD->dsAttCount ? &rtD->dsv : nullptr);
 
    if (rtD->colorAttCount && wantsColorClear) {
        float clearColor[4] = {
            colorClearValue.redF(),
            colorClearValue.greenF(),
            colorClearValue.blueF(),
            colorClearValue.alphaF()
        };
        for (int i = 0; i < rtD->colorAttCount; ++i)
            cbD->cmdList->ClearRenderTargetView(rtD->rtv[i], clearColor, 0, nullptr);
    }
    if (rtD->dsAttCount && wantsDsClear) {
        cbD->cmdList->ClearDepthStencilView(rtD->dsv,
                                            D3D12_CLEAR_FLAGS(D3D12_CLEAR_FLAG_DEPTH | D3D12_CLEAR_FLAG_STENCIL),
                                            depthStencilClearValue.depthClearValue(),
                                            UINT8(depthStencilClearValue.stencilClearValue()),
                                            0,
                                            nullptr);
    }
 
    cbD->recordingPass = QD3D12CommandBuffer::RenderPass;
    cbD->currentTarget = rt;
 
    cbD->resetPerPassState();
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::endPass(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates)
{
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D12CommandBuffer::RenderPass);
 
    if (cbD->currentTarget->resourceType() == QRhiResource::TextureRenderTarget) {
        QD3D12TextureRenderTarget *rtTex = QRHI_RES(QD3D12TextureRenderTarget, cbD->currentTarget);
        for (auto it = rtTex->m_desc.cbeginColorAttachments(), itEnd = rtTex->m_desc.cendColorAttachments();
             it != itEnd; ++it)
        {
            const QRhiColorAttachment &colorAtt(*it);
            if (!colorAtt.resolveTexture())
                continue;
 
            QD3D12Texture *dstTexD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Texture, colorAtt.resolveTexture());
            QD3D12Resource *dstRes = resourcePool.lookupRef(dstTexD->handle);
            if (!dstRes)
                continue;
 
            QD3D12Texture *srcTexD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Texture, colorAtt.texture());
            QD3D12RenderBuffer *srcRbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12RenderBuffer, colorAtt.renderBuffer());
            Q_ASSERT(srcTexD || srcRbD);
            QD3D12Resource *srcRes = resourcePool.lookupRef(srcTexD ? srcTexD->handle : srcRbD->handle);
            if (!srcRes)
                continue;
 
            if (srcTexD) {
                if (srcTexD->dxgiFormat != dstTexD->dxgiFormat) {
                    qWarning("Resolve source (%d) and destination (%d) formats do not match",
                             int(srcTexD->dxgiFormat), int(dstTexD->dxgiFormat));
                    continue;
                }
                if (srcTexD->sampleDesc.Count <= 1) {
                    qWarning("Cannot resolve a non-multisample texture");
                    continue;
                }
                if (srcTexD->m_pixelSize != dstTexD->m_pixelSize) {
                    qWarning("Resolve source and destination sizes do not match");
                    continue;
                }
            } else {
                if (srcRbD->dxgiFormat != dstTexD->dxgiFormat) {
                    qWarning("Resolve source (%d) and destination (%d) formats do not match",
                             int(srcRbD->dxgiFormat), int(dstTexD->dxgiFormat));
                    continue;
                }
                if (srcRbD->m_pixelSize != dstTexD->m_pixelSize) {
                    qWarning("Resolve source and destination sizes do not match");
                    continue;
                }
            }
 
            barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(srcTexD ? srcTexD->handle : srcRbD->handle, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RESOLVE_SOURCE);
            barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(dstTexD->handle, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RESOLVE_DEST);
            barrierGen.enqueueBufferedTransitionBarriers(cbD);
 
            const UINT resolveCount = colorAtt.multiViewCount() >= 2 ? colorAtt.multiViewCount() : 1;
            for (UINT resolveIdx = 0; resolveIdx < resolveCount; ++resolveIdx) {
                const UINT srcSubresource = calcSubresource(0, UINT(colorAtt.layer()) + resolveIdx, 1);
                const UINT dstSubresource = calcSubresource(UINT(colorAtt.resolveLevel()),
                                                            UINT(colorAtt.resolveLayer()) + resolveIdx,
                                                            dstTexD->mipLevelCount);
                cbD->cmdList->ResolveSubresource(dstRes->resource, dstSubresource,
                                                 srcRes->resource, srcSubresource,
                                                 dstTexD->dxgiFormat);
            }
        }
 
    }
 
    cbD->recordingPass = QD3D12CommandBuffer::NoPass;
    cbD->currentTarget = nullptr;
 
    if (resourceUpdates)
        enqueueResourceUpdates(cbD, resourceUpdates);
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::beginComputePass(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb,
                                 QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates,
                                 QRhiCommandBuffer::BeginPassFlags)
{
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D12CommandBuffer::NoPass);
 
    if (resourceUpdates)
        enqueueResourceUpdates(cbD, resourceUpdates);
 
    cbD->recordingPass = QD3D12CommandBuffer::ComputePass;
 
    cbD->resetPerPassState();
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::endComputePass(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates)
{
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D12CommandBuffer::ComputePass);
 
    cbD->recordingPass = QD3D12CommandBuffer::NoPass;
 
    if (resourceUpdates)
        enqueueResourceUpdates(cbD, resourceUpdates);
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::setComputePipeline(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiComputePipeline *ps)
{
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D12CommandBuffer::ComputePass);
    QD3D12ComputePipeline *psD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12ComputePipeline, ps);
    const bool pipelineChanged = cbD->currentComputePipeline != psD || cbD->currentPipelineGeneration != psD->generation;
 
    if (pipelineChanged) {
        cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline = nullptr;
        cbD->currentComputePipeline = psD;
        cbD->currentPipelineGeneration = psD->generation;
 
        if (QD3D12Pipeline *pipeline = pipelinePool.lookupRef(psD->handle)) {
            Q_ASSERT(pipeline->type == QD3D12Pipeline::Compute);
            cbD->cmdList->SetPipelineState(pipeline->pso);
            if (QD3D12RootSignature *rs = rootSignaturePool.lookupRef(psD->rootSigHandle))
                cbD->cmdList->SetComputeRootSignature(rs->rootSig);
        }
    }
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::dispatch(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, int x, int y, int z)
{
    QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D12CommandBuffer::ComputePass);
    cbD->cmdList->Dispatch(UINT(x), UINT(y), UINT(z));
}
 
bool QD3D12DescriptorHeap::create(ID3D12Device *device,
                                  quint32 descriptorCount,
                                  D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE heapType,
                                  D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_FLAGS heapFlags)
{
    head = 0;
    capacity = descriptorCount;
    this->heapType = heapType;
    this->heapFlags = heapFlags;
 
    D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_DESC heapDesc = {};
    heapDesc.Type = heapType;
    heapDesc.NumDescriptors = capacity;
    heapDesc.Flags = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_FLAGS(heapFlags);
 
    HRESULT hr = device->CreateDescriptorHeap(&heapDesc, __uuidof(ID3D12DescriptorHeap), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&heap));
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create descriptor heap: %s", qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        heap = nullptr;
        capacity = descriptorByteSize = 0;
        return false;
    }
 
    descriptorByteSize = device->GetDescriptorHandleIncrementSize(heapType);
    heapStart.cpuHandle = heap->GetCPUDescriptorHandleForHeapStart();
    if (heapFlags & D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_FLAG_SHADER_VISIBLE)
        heapStart.gpuHandle = heap->GetGPUDescriptorHandleForHeapStart();
 
    return true;
}
 
void QD3D12DescriptorHeap::createWithExisting(const QD3D12DescriptorHeap &other,
                                              quint32 offsetInDescriptors,
                                              quint32 descriptorCount)
{
    heap = nullptr;
    head = 0;
    capacity = descriptorCount;
    heapType = other.heapType;
    heapFlags = other.heapFlags;
    descriptorByteSize = other.descriptorByteSize;
    heapStart = incremented(other.heapStart, offsetInDescriptors);
}
 
void QD3D12DescriptorHeap::destroy()
{
    if (heap) {
        heap->Release();
        heap = nullptr;
    }
    capacity = 0;
}
 
void QD3D12DescriptorHeap::destroyWithDeferredRelease(QD3D12ReleaseQueue *releaseQueue)
{
    if (heap) {
        releaseQueue->deferredReleaseDescriptorHeap(heap);
        heap = nullptr;
    }
    capacity = 0;
}
 
QD3D12Descriptor QD3D12DescriptorHeap::get(quint32 count)
{
    Q_ASSERT(count > 0);
    if (head + count > capacity) {
        qWarning("Cannot get %u descriptors as that would exceed capacity %u", count, capacity);
        return {};
    }
    head += count;
    return at(head - count);
}
 
QD3D12Descriptor QD3D12DescriptorHeap::at(quint32 index) const
{
    const quint32 startOffset = index * descriptorByteSize;
    QD3D12Descriptor result;
    result.cpuHandle.ptr = heapStart.cpuHandle.ptr + startOffset;
    if (heapStart.gpuHandle.ptr != 0)
        result.gpuHandle.ptr = heapStart.gpuHandle.ptr + startOffset;
    return result;
}
 
bool QD3D12CpuDescriptorPool::create(ID3D12Device *device, D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE heapType, const char *debugName)
{
    QD3D12DescriptorHeap firstHeap;
    if (!firstHeap.create(device, DESCRIPTORS_PER_HEAP, heapType, D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_FLAG_NONE))
        return false;
    heaps.append(HeapWithMap::init(firstHeap, DESCRIPTORS_PER_HEAP));
    descriptorByteSize = heaps[0].heap.descriptorByteSize;
    this->device = device;
    this->debugName = debugName;
    return true;
}
 
void QD3D12CpuDescriptorPool::destroy()
{
#ifndef QT_NO_DEBUG
    // debug builds: just do it always
    static bool leakCheck = true;
#else
    // release builds: opt-in
    static bool leakCheck = qEnvironmentVariableIntValue("QT_RHI_LEAK_CHECK");
#endif
    if (leakCheck) {
        for (HeapWithMap &heap : heaps) {
            const int leakedDescriptorCount = heap.map.count(true);
            if (leakedDescriptorCount > 0) {
                qWarning("QD3D12CpuDescriptorPool::destroy(): "
                         "Heap %p for descriptor pool %p '%s' has %d unreleased descriptors",
                         &heap.heap, this, debugName, leakedDescriptorCount);
            }
        }
    }
    for (HeapWithMap &heap : heaps)
        heap.heap.destroy();
    heaps.clear();
}
 
QD3D12Descriptor QD3D12CpuDescriptorPool::allocate(quint32 count)
{
    Q_ASSERT(count > 0 && count <= DESCRIPTORS_PER_HEAP);
 
    HeapWithMap &last(heaps.last());
    if (last.heap.head + count <= last.heap.capacity) {
        quint32 firstIndex = last.heap.head;
        for (quint32 i = 0; i < count; ++i)
            last.map.setBit(firstIndex + i);
        return last.heap.get(count);
    }
 
    for (HeapWithMap &heap : heaps) {
        quint32 freeCount = 0;
        for (quint32 i = 0; i < DESCRIPTORS_PER_HEAP; ++i) {
            if (heap.map.testBit(i)) {
                freeCount = 0;
            } else {
                freeCount += 1;
                if (freeCount == count) {
                    quint32 firstIndex = i - (freeCount - 1);
                    for (quint32 j = 0; j < count; ++j) {
                        heap.map.setBit(firstIndex + j);
                        return heap.heap.at(firstIndex);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    QD3D12DescriptorHeap newHeap;
    if (!newHeap.create(device, DESCRIPTORS_PER_HEAP, last.heap.heapType, last.heap.heapFlags))
        return {};
 
    heaps.append(HeapWithMap::init(newHeap, DESCRIPTORS_PER_HEAP));
 
    for (quint32 i = 0; i < count; ++i)
        heaps.last().map.setBit(i);
 
    return heaps.last().heap.get(count);
}
 
void QD3D12CpuDescriptorPool::release(const QD3D12Descriptor &descriptor, quint32 count)
{
    Q_ASSERT(count > 0 && count <= DESCRIPTORS_PER_HEAP);
    if (!descriptor.isValid())
        return;
 
    const SIZE_T addr = descriptor.cpuHandle.ptr;
    for (HeapWithMap &heap : heaps) {
        const SIZE_T begin = heap.heap.heapStart.cpuHandle.ptr;
        const SIZE_T end = begin + heap.heap.descriptorByteSize * heap.heap.capacity;
        if (addr >= begin && addr < end) {
            quint32 firstIndex = (addr - begin) / heap.heap.descriptorByteSize;
            for (quint32 i = 0; i < count; ++i)
                heap.map.setBit(firstIndex + i, false);
            return;
        }
    }
 
    qWarning("QD3D12CpuDescriptorPool::release: Descriptor with address %llu is not in any heap",
             quint64(descriptor.cpuHandle.ptr));
}
 
bool QD3D12StagingArea::create(QRhiD3D12 *rhi, quint32 capacity, D3D12_HEAP_TYPE heapType)
{
    Q_ASSERT(heapType == D3D12_HEAP_TYPE_UPLOAD || heapType == D3D12_HEAP_TYPE_READBACK);
    D3D12_RESOURCE_DESC resourceDesc = {};
    resourceDesc.Dimension = D3D12_RESOURCE_DIMENSION_BUFFER;
    resourceDesc.Width = capacity;
    resourceDesc.Height = 1;
    resourceDesc.DepthOrArraySize = 1;
    resourceDesc.MipLevels = 1;
    resourceDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_UNKNOWN;
    resourceDesc.SampleDesc = { 1, 0 };
    resourceDesc.Layout = D3D12_TEXTURE_LAYOUT_ROW_MAJOR;
    resourceDesc.Flags = D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_NONE;
    UINT state = heapType == D3D12_HEAP_TYPE_UPLOAD ? D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_GENERIC_READ : D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COPY_DEST;
    HRESULT hr = rhi->vma.createResource(heapType,
                                         &resourceDesc,
                                         D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES(state),
                                         nullptr,
                                         &allocation,
                                         __uuidof(ID3D12Resource),
                                         reinterpret_cast<void **>(&resource));
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create buffer for staging area: %s",
                 qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return false;
    }
    void *p = nullptr;
    hr = resource->Map(0, nullptr, &p);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to map buffer for staging area: %s",
                 qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        destroy();
        return false;
    }
 
    mem.p = static_cast<quint8 *>(p);
    mem.gpuAddr = resource->GetGPUVirtualAddress();
    mem.buffer = resource;
    mem.bufferOffset = 0;
 
    this->capacity = capacity;
    head = 0;
 
    return true;
}
 
void QD3D12StagingArea::destroy()
{
    if (resource) {
        resource->Release();
        resource = nullptr;
    }
    if (allocation) {
        allocation->Release();
        allocation = nullptr;
    }
    mem = {};
}
 
void QD3D12StagingArea::destroyWithDeferredRelease(QD3D12ReleaseQueue *releaseQueue)
{
    if (resource)
        releaseQueue->deferredReleaseResourceAndAllocation(resource, allocation);
    mem = {};
}
 
QD3D12StagingArea::Allocation QD3D12StagingArea::get(quint32 byteSize)
{
    const quint32 allocSize = aligned(byteSize, ALIGNMENT);
    if (head + allocSize > capacity) {
        qWarning("Failed to allocate %u (%u) bytes from staging area of size %u with %u bytes left",
                 allocSize, byteSize, capacity, remainingCapacity());
        return {};
    }
    const quint32 offset = head;
    head += allocSize;
    return {
        mem.p + offset,
        mem.gpuAddr + offset,
        mem.buffer,
        offset
    };
}
 
// Can be called inside and outside of begin-endFrame. Removes from the pool
// and releases the underlying native resource only in the frames_in_flight'th
// beginFrame() counted starting from the next endFrame().
void QD3D12ReleaseQueue::deferredReleaseResource(const QD3D12ObjectHandle &handle)
{
    DeferredReleaseEntry e;
    e.handle = handle;
    queue.append(e);
}
 
void QD3D12ReleaseQueue::deferredReleaseResourceWithViews(const QD3D12ObjectHandle &handle,
                                                          QD3D12CpuDescriptorPool *pool,
                                                          const QD3D12Descriptor &viewsStart,
                                                          int viewCount)
{
    DeferredReleaseEntry e;
    e.type = DeferredReleaseEntry::Resource;
    e.handle = handle;
    e.poolForViews = pool;
    e.viewsStart = viewsStart;
    e.viewCount = viewCount;
    queue.append(e);
}
 
void QD3D12ReleaseQueue::deferredReleasePipeline(const QD3D12ObjectHandle &handle)
{
    DeferredReleaseEntry e;
    e.type = DeferredReleaseEntry::Pipeline;
    e.handle = handle;
    queue.append(e);
}
 
void QD3D12ReleaseQueue::deferredReleaseRootSignature(const QD3D12ObjectHandle &handle)
{
    DeferredReleaseEntry e;
    e.type = DeferredReleaseEntry::RootSignature;
    e.handle = handle;
    queue.append(e);
}
 
void QD3D12ReleaseQueue::deferredReleaseCallback(std::function<void(void*)> callback, void *userData)
{
    DeferredReleaseEntry e;
    e.type = DeferredReleaseEntry::Callback;
    e.callback = callback;
    e.callbackUserData = userData;
    queue.append(e);
}
 
void QD3D12ReleaseQueue::deferredReleaseResourceAndAllocation(ID3D12Resource *resource,
                                                              D3D12MA::Allocation *allocation)
{
    DeferredReleaseEntry e;
    e.type = DeferredReleaseEntry::ResourceAndAllocation;
    e.resourceAndAllocation = { resource, allocation };
    queue.append(e);
}
 
void QD3D12ReleaseQueue::deferredReleaseDescriptorHeap(ID3D12DescriptorHeap *heap)
{
    DeferredReleaseEntry e;
    e.type = DeferredReleaseEntry::DescriptorHeap;
    e.descriptorHeap = heap;
    queue.append(e);
}
 
void QD3D12ReleaseQueue::deferredReleaseViews(QD3D12CpuDescriptorPool *pool,
                                              const QD3D12Descriptor &viewsStart,
                                              int viewCount)
{
    DeferredReleaseEntry e;
    e.type = DeferredReleaseEntry::Views;
    e.poolForViews = pool;
    e.viewsStart = viewsStart;
    e.viewCount = viewCount;
    queue.append(e);
}
 
void QD3D12ReleaseQueue::activatePendingDeferredReleaseRequests(int frameSlot)
{
    for (DeferredReleaseEntry &e : queue) {
        if (!e.frameSlotToBeReleasedIn.has_value())
            e.frameSlotToBeReleasedIn = frameSlot;
    }
}
 
void QD3D12ReleaseQueue::executeDeferredReleases(int frameSlot, bool forced)
{
    for (int i = queue.count() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
        const DeferredReleaseEntry &e(queue[i]);
        if (forced || (e.frameSlotToBeReleasedIn.has_value() && e.frameSlotToBeReleasedIn.value() == frameSlot)) {
            switch (e.type) {
            case DeferredReleaseEntry::Resource:
                resourcePool->remove(e.handle);
                if (e.poolForViews && e.viewsStart.isValid() && e.viewCount > 0)
                    e.poolForViews->release(e.viewsStart, e.viewCount);
                break;
            case DeferredReleaseEntry::Pipeline:
                pipelinePool->remove(e.handle);
                break;
            case DeferredReleaseEntry::RootSignature:
                rootSignaturePool->remove(e.handle);
                break;
            case DeferredReleaseEntry::Callback:
                e.callback(e.callbackUserData);
                break;
            case DeferredReleaseEntry::ResourceAndAllocation:
                // order matters: resource first, then the allocation (which
                // may be null)
                e.resourceAndAllocation.first->Release();
                if (e.resourceAndAllocation.second)
                    e.resourceAndAllocation.second->Release();
                break;
            case DeferredReleaseEntry::DescriptorHeap:
                e.descriptorHeap->Release();
                break;
            case DeferredReleaseEntry::Views:
                e.poolForViews->release(e.viewsStart, e.viewCount);
                break;
            }
            queue.removeAt(i);
        }
    }
}
 
void QD3D12ReleaseQueue::releaseAll()
{
    executeDeferredReleases(0, true);
}
 
void QD3D12ResourceBarrierGenerator::addTransitionBarrier(const QD3D12ObjectHandle &resourceHandle,
                                                          D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES stateAfter)
{
    if (QD3D12Resource *res = resourcePool->lookupRef(resourceHandle)) {
        if (stateAfter != res->state) {
            transitionResourceBarriers.append({ resourceHandle, res->state, stateAfter });
            res->state = stateAfter;
        }
    }
}
 
void QD3D12ResourceBarrierGenerator::enqueueBufferedTransitionBarriers(QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD)
{
    QVarLengthArray<D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER, PREALLOC> barriers;
    for (const TransitionResourceBarrier &trb : transitionResourceBarriers) {
        if (QD3D12Resource *res = resourcePool->lookupRef(trb.resourceHandle)) {
            D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER barrier = {};
            barrier.Type = D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_TYPE_TRANSITION;
            barrier.Flags = D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_FLAG_NONE;
            barrier.Transition.pResource = res->resource;
            barrier.Transition.Subresource = D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_ALL_SUBRESOURCES;
            barrier.Transition.StateBefore = trb.stateBefore;
            barrier.Transition.StateAfter = trb.stateAfter;
            barriers.append(barrier);
        }
    }
    transitionResourceBarriers.clear();
    if (!barriers.isEmpty())
        cbD->cmdList->ResourceBarrier(barriers.count(), barriers.constData());
}
 
void QD3D12ResourceBarrierGenerator::enqueueSubresourceTransitionBarrier(QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD,
                                                                         const QD3D12ObjectHandle &resourceHandle,
                                                                         UINT subresource,
                                                                         D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES stateBefore,
                                                                         D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES stateAfter)
{
    if (QD3D12Resource *res = resourcePool->lookupRef(resourceHandle)) {
        D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER barrier = {};
        barrier.Type = D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_TYPE_TRANSITION;
        barrier.Flags = D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_FLAG_NONE;
        barrier.Transition.pResource = res->resource;
        barrier.Transition.Subresource = subresource;
        barrier.Transition.StateBefore = stateBefore;
        barrier.Transition.StateAfter = stateAfter;
        cbD->cmdList->ResourceBarrier(1, &barrier);
    }
}
 
void QD3D12ResourceBarrierGenerator::enqueueUavBarrier(QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD,
                                                       const QD3D12ObjectHandle &resourceHandle)
{
    if (QD3D12Resource *res = resourcePool->lookupRef(resourceHandle)) {
        D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER barrier = {};
        barrier.Type = D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_TYPE_UAV;
        barrier.Flags = D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_FLAG_NONE;
        barrier.UAV.pResource = res->resource;
        cbD->cmdList->ResourceBarrier(1, &barrier);
    }
}
 
void QD3D12ShaderBytecodeCache::insertWithCapacityLimit(const QRhiShaderStage &key, const Shader &s)
{
    if (data.count() >= QRhiD3D12::MAX_SHADER_CACHE_ENTRIES)
        data.clear();
    data.insert(key, s);
}
 
bool QD3D12ShaderVisibleDescriptorHeap::create(ID3D12Device *device,
                                               D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE type,
                                               quint32 perFrameDescriptorCount)
{
    Q_ASSERT(type == D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_CBV_SRV_UAV || type == D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_SAMPLER);
 
    quint32 size = perFrameDescriptorCount * QD3D12_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
 
    // https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/direct3d12/hardware-support
    const quint32 CBV_SRV_UAV_MAX = 1000000;
    const quint32 SAMPLER_MAX = 2048;
    if (type == D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_CBV_SRV_UAV)
        size = qMin(size, CBV_SRV_UAV_MAX);
    else if (type == D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_SAMPLER)
        size = qMin(size, SAMPLER_MAX);
 
    if (!heap.create(device, size, type, D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_FLAG_SHADER_VISIBLE)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create shader-visible descriptor heap of size %u", size);
        return false;
    }
 
    perFrameDescriptorCount = size / QD3D12_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
    quint32 currentOffsetInDescriptors = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < QD3D12_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; ++i) {
        perFrameHeapSlice[i].createWithExisting(heap, currentOffsetInDescriptors, perFrameDescriptorCount);
        currentOffsetInDescriptors += perFrameDescriptorCount;
    }
 
    return true;
}
 
void QD3D12ShaderVisibleDescriptorHeap::destroy()
{
    heap.destroy();
}
 
void QD3D12ShaderVisibleDescriptorHeap::destroyWithDeferredRelease(QD3D12ReleaseQueue *releaseQueue)
{
    heap.destroyWithDeferredRelease(releaseQueue);
}
 
static inline QPair<int, int> mapBinding(int binding, const QShader::NativeResourceBindingMap &map)
{
    if (map.isEmpty())
        return { binding, binding }; // assume 1:1 mapping
 
    auto it = map.constFind(binding);
    if (it != map.cend())
        return *it;
 
    // Hitting this path is normal too. It is not given that the resource is
    // present in the shaders for all the stages specified by the visibility
    // mask in the QRhiShaderResourceBinding.
    return { -1, -1 };
}
 
void QD3D12ShaderResourceVisitor::visit()
{
    for (int bindingIdx = 0, bindingCount = srb->sortedBindings.count(); bindingIdx != bindingCount; ++bindingIdx) {
        const QRhiShaderResourceBinding &b(srb->sortedBindings[bindingIdx]);
        const QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Data *bd = QRhiImplementation::shaderResourceBindingData(b);
 
        for (int stageIdx = 0; stageIdx < stageCount; ++stageIdx) {
            const QD3D12ShaderStageData *sd = &stageData[stageIdx];
            if (!sd->valid)
                continue;
 
            if (!bd->stage.testFlag(qd3d12_stageToSrb(sd->stage)))
                continue;
 
            switch (bd->type) {
            case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::UniformBuffer:
            {
                const int shaderRegister = mapBinding(bd->binding, sd->nativeResourceBindingMap).first;
                if (shaderRegister >= 0 && uniformBuffer)
                    uniformBuffer(sd->stage, bd->u.ubuf, shaderRegister, bd->binding);
            }
                break;
            case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::SampledTexture:
            {
                Q_ASSERT(bd->u.stex.count > 0);
                const int textureBaseShaderRegister = mapBinding(bd->binding, sd->nativeResourceBindingMap).first;
                const int samplerBaseShaderRegister = mapBinding(bd->binding, sd->nativeResourceBindingMap).second;
                for (int i = 0; i < bd->u.stex.count; ++i) {
                    if (textureBaseShaderRegister >= 0 && texture)
                        texture(sd->stage, bd->u.stex.texSamplers[i], textureBaseShaderRegister + i);
                    if (samplerBaseShaderRegister >= 0 && sampler)
                        sampler(sd->stage, bd->u.stex.texSamplers[i], samplerBaseShaderRegister + i);
                }
            }
                break;
            case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Texture:
            {
                Q_ASSERT(bd->u.stex.count > 0);
                const int baseShaderRegister = mapBinding(bd->binding, sd->nativeResourceBindingMap).first;
                if (baseShaderRegister >= 0 && texture) {
                    for (int i = 0; i < bd->u.stex.count; ++i)
                        texture(sd->stage, bd->u.stex.texSamplers[i], baseShaderRegister + i);
                }
            }
                break;
            case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Sampler:
            {
                Q_ASSERT(bd->u.stex.count > 0);
                const int baseShaderRegister = mapBinding(bd->binding, sd->nativeResourceBindingMap).first;
                if (baseShaderRegister >= 0 && sampler) {
                    for (int i = 0; i < bd->u.stex.count; ++i)
                        sampler(sd->stage, bd->u.stex.texSamplers[i], baseShaderRegister + i);
                }
            }
                break;
            case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::ImageLoad:
            {
                const int shaderRegister = mapBinding(bd->binding, sd->nativeResourceBindingMap).first;
                if (shaderRegister >= 0 && storageImage)
                    storageImage(sd->stage, bd->u.simage, Load, shaderRegister);
            }
                break;
            case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::ImageStore:
            {
                const int shaderRegister = mapBinding(bd->binding, sd->nativeResourceBindingMap).first;
                if (shaderRegister >= 0 && storageImage)
                    storageImage(sd->stage, bd->u.simage, Store, shaderRegister);
            }
                break;
            case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::ImageLoadStore:
            {
                const int shaderRegister = mapBinding(bd->binding, sd->nativeResourceBindingMap).first;
                if (shaderRegister >= 0 && storageImage)
                    storageImage(sd->stage, bd->u.simage, LoadStore, shaderRegister);
            }
                break;
            case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::BufferLoad:
            {
                const int shaderRegister = mapBinding(bd->binding, sd->nativeResourceBindingMap).first;
                if (shaderRegister >= 0 && storageBuffer)
                    storageBuffer(sd->stage, bd->u.sbuf, Load, shaderRegister);
            }
                break;
            case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::BufferStore:
            {
                const int shaderRegister = mapBinding(bd->binding, sd->nativeResourceBindingMap).first;
                if (shaderRegister >= 0 && storageBuffer)
                    storageBuffer(sd->stage, bd->u.sbuf, Store, shaderRegister);
            }
                break;
            case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::BufferLoadStore:
            {
                const int shaderRegister = mapBinding(bd->binding, sd->nativeResourceBindingMap).first;
                if (shaderRegister >= 0 && storageBuffer)
                    storageBuffer(sd->stage, bd->u.sbuf, LoadStore, shaderRegister);
            }
                break;
            }
        }
    }
}
 
bool QD3D12SamplerManager::create(ID3D12Device *device)
{
    // This does not need to be per-frame slot, just grab space for MAX_SAMPLERS samplers.
    if (!shaderVisibleSamplerHeap.create(device,
                                         D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_SAMPLER,
                                         MAX_SAMPLERS / QD3D12_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT))
    {
        qWarning("Could not create shader-visible SAMPLER heap");
        return false;
    }
 
    this->device = device;
    return true;
}
 
void QD3D12SamplerManager::destroy()
{
    if (device) {
        shaderVisibleSamplerHeap.destroy();
        device = nullptr;
    }
}
 
QD3D12Descriptor QD3D12SamplerManager::getShaderVisibleDescriptor(const D3D12_SAMPLER_DESC &desc)
{
    auto it = gpuMap.constFind({desc});
    if (it != gpuMap.cend())
        return *it;
 
    QD3D12Descriptor descriptor = shaderVisibleSamplerHeap.heap.get(1);
    if (descriptor.isValid()) {
        device->CreateSampler(&desc, descriptor.cpuHandle);
        gpuMap.insert({desc}, descriptor);
    } else {
        qWarning("Out of shader-visible SAMPLER descriptor heap space,"
                 " this should not happen, maximum number of unique samplers is %u",
                 shaderVisibleSamplerHeap.heap.capacity);
    }
 
    return descriptor;
}
 
bool QD3D12MipmapGenerator::create(QRhiD3D12 *rhiD)
{
    this->rhiD = rhiD;
 
    D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER1 rootParams[3] = {};
    D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE1 descriptorRanges[2] = {};
 
    // b0
    rootParams[0].ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_CBV;
    rootParams[0].ShaderVisibility = D3D12_SHADER_VISIBILITY_ALL;
 
    // t0
    descriptorRanges[0].RangeType = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_TYPE_SRV;
    descriptorRanges[0].NumDescriptors = 1;
    descriptorRanges[0].Flags = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_FLAG_DATA_VOLATILE;
    rootParams[1].ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_TABLE;
    rootParams[1].ShaderVisibility = D3D12_SHADER_VISIBILITY_ALL;
    rootParams[1].DescriptorTable.NumDescriptorRanges = 1;
    rootParams[1].DescriptorTable.pDescriptorRanges = &descriptorRanges[0];
 
    // u0..3
    descriptorRanges[1].RangeType = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_TYPE_UAV;
    descriptorRanges[1].NumDescriptors = 4;
    rootParams[2].ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_TABLE;
    rootParams[2].ShaderVisibility = D3D12_SHADER_VISIBILITY_ALL;
    rootParams[2].DescriptorTable.NumDescriptorRanges = 1;
    rootParams[2].DescriptorTable.pDescriptorRanges = &descriptorRanges[1];
 
    // s0
    D3D12_STATIC_SAMPLER_DESC samplerDesc = {};
    samplerDesc.Filter = D3D12_FILTER_MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
    samplerDesc.AddressU = D3D12_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP;
    samplerDesc.AddressV = D3D12_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP;
    samplerDesc.AddressW = D3D12_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP;
    samplerDesc.MaxLOD = 10000.0f;
    samplerDesc.ShaderVisibility = D3D12_SHADER_VISIBILITY_ALL;
 
    D3D12_VERSIONED_ROOT_SIGNATURE_DESC rsDesc = {};
    rsDesc.Version = D3D_ROOT_SIGNATURE_VERSION_1_1;
    rsDesc.Desc_1_1.NumParameters = 3;
    rsDesc.Desc_1_1.pParameters = rootParams;
    rsDesc.Desc_1_1.NumStaticSamplers = 1;
    rsDesc.Desc_1_1.pStaticSamplers = &samplerDesc;
 
    ID3DBlob *signature = nullptr;
    HRESULT hr = D3D12SerializeVersionedRootSignature(&rsDesc, &signature, nullptr);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to serialize root signature: %s", qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return false;
    }
    ID3D12RootSignature *rootSig = nullptr;
    hr = rhiD->dev->CreateRootSignature(0,
                                        signature->GetBufferPointer(),
                                        signature->GetBufferSize(),
                                        __uuidof(ID3D12RootSignature),
                                        reinterpret_cast<void **>(&rootSig));
    signature->Release();
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create root signature: %s",
                 qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return false;
    }
 
    rootSigHandle = QD3D12RootSignature::addToPool(&rhiD->rootSignaturePool, rootSig);
 
    D3D12_COMPUTE_PIPELINE_STATE_DESC psoDesc = {};
    psoDesc.pRootSignature = rootSig;
    psoDesc.CS.pShaderBytecode = g_csMipmap;
    psoDesc.CS.BytecodeLength = sizeof(g_csMipmap);
    ID3D12PipelineState *pso = nullptr;
    hr = rhiD->dev->CreateComputePipelineState(&psoDesc,
                                               __uuidof(ID3D12PipelineState),
                                               reinterpret_cast<void **>(&pso));
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create compute pipeline state: %s",
                 qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        rhiD->rootSignaturePool.remove(rootSigHandle);
        rootSigHandle = {};
        return false;
    }
 
    pipelineHandle = QD3D12Pipeline::addToPool(&rhiD->pipelinePool, QD3D12Pipeline::Compute, pso);
 
    return true;
}
 
void QD3D12MipmapGenerator::destroy()
{
    rhiD->pipelinePool.remove(pipelineHandle);
    pipelineHandle = {};
    rhiD->rootSignaturePool.remove(rootSigHandle);
    rootSigHandle = {};
}
 
void QD3D12MipmapGenerator::generate(QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD, const QD3D12ObjectHandle &textureHandle)
{
    QD3D12Pipeline *pipeline = rhiD->pipelinePool.lookupRef(pipelineHandle);
    if (!pipeline)
        return;
    QD3D12RootSignature *rootSig = rhiD->rootSignaturePool.lookupRef(rootSigHandle);
    if (!rootSig)
        return;
    QD3D12Resource *res = rhiD->resourcePool.lookupRef(textureHandle);
    if (!res)
        return;
 
    const quint32 mipLevelCount = res->desc.MipLevels;
    if (mipLevelCount < 2)
        return;
 
    if (res->desc.SampleDesc.Count > 1) {
        qWarning("Cannot generate mipmaps for MSAA texture");
        return;
    }
 
    const bool is1D = res->desc.Dimension == D3D12_RESOURCE_DIMENSION_TEXTURE1D;
    if (is1D) {
        qWarning("Cannot generate mipmaps for 1D texture");
        return;
    }
 
    const bool is3D = res->desc.Dimension == D3D12_RESOURCE_DIMENSION_TEXTURE3D;
    const bool isCubeOrArray = res->desc.Dimension == D3D12_RESOURCE_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D
            && res->desc.DepthOrArraySize > 1;
    const quint32 layerCount = isCubeOrArray ? res->desc.DepthOrArraySize : 1;
 
    if (is3D) {
        // ### needs its own shader and maybe a different solution
        qWarning("3D texture mipmapping is not implemented for D3D12 atm");
        return;
    }
 
    rhiD->barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(textureHandle, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_UNORDERED_ACCESS);
    rhiD->barrierGen.enqueueBufferedTransitionBarriers(cbD);
 
    cbD->cmdList->SetPipelineState(pipeline->pso);
    cbD->cmdList->SetComputeRootSignature(rootSig->rootSig);
 
    const quint32 descriptorByteSize = rhiD->shaderVisibleCbvSrvUavHeap.perFrameHeapSlice[rhiD->currentFrameSlot].descriptorByteSize;
 
    struct CBufData {
        quint32 srcMipLevel;
        quint32 numMipLevels;
        float texelWidth;
        float texelHeight;
    };
 
    const quint32 allocSize = QD3D12StagingArea::allocSizeForArray(sizeof(CBufData), mipLevelCount * layerCount);
    std::optional<QD3D12StagingArea> ownStagingArea;
    if (rhiD->smallStagingAreas[rhiD->currentFrameSlot].remainingCapacity() < allocSize) {
        ownStagingArea = QD3D12StagingArea();
        if (!ownStagingArea->create(rhiD, allocSize, D3D12_HEAP_TYPE_UPLOAD)) {
            qWarning("Could not create staging area for mipmap generation");
            return;
        }
    }
    QD3D12StagingArea *workArea = ownStagingArea.has_value()
            ? &ownStagingArea.value()
            : &rhiD->smallStagingAreas[rhiD->currentFrameSlot];
 
    bool gotNewHeap = false;
    if (!rhiD->ensureShaderVisibleDescriptorHeapCapacity(&rhiD->shaderVisibleCbvSrvUavHeap,
                                                         D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_CBV_SRV_UAV,
                                                         rhiD->currentFrameSlot,
                                                         (1 + 4) * mipLevelCount * layerCount,
                                                         &gotNewHeap))
    {
        qWarning("Could not ensure enough space in descriptor heap for mipmap generation");
        return;
    }
    if (gotNewHeap)
        rhiD->bindShaderVisibleHeaps(cbD);
 
    for (quint32 layer = 0; layer < layerCount; ++layer) {
        for (quint32 level = 0; level < mipLevelCount ;) {
            UINT subresource = calcSubresource(level, layer, res->desc.MipLevels);
            rhiD->barrierGen.enqueueSubresourceTransitionBarrier(cbD, textureHandle, subresource,
                                                                 D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_UNORDERED_ACCESS,
                                                                 D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_NON_PIXEL_SHADER_RESOURCE);
 
            quint32 levelPlusOneMipWidth = res->desc.Width >> (level + 1);
            quint32 levelPlusOneMipHeight = res->desc.Height >> (level + 1);
            const quint32 dw = levelPlusOneMipWidth == 1 ? levelPlusOneMipHeight : levelPlusOneMipWidth;
            const quint32 dh = levelPlusOneMipHeight == 1 ? levelPlusOneMipWidth : levelPlusOneMipHeight;
            // number of times the size can be halved while still resulting in an even dimension
            const quint32 additionalMips = qCountTrailingZeroBits(dw | dh);
            const quint32 numGenMips = qMin(1u + qMin(3u, additionalMips), res->desc.MipLevels - level);
            levelPlusOneMipWidth = qMax(1u, levelPlusOneMipWidth);
            levelPlusOneMipHeight = qMax(1u, levelPlusOneMipHeight);
 
            CBufData cbufData = {
                level,
                numGenMips,
                1.0f / float(levelPlusOneMipWidth),
                1.0f / float(levelPlusOneMipHeight)
            };
 
            QD3D12StagingArea::Allocation cbuf = workArea->get(sizeof(cbufData));
            memcpy(cbuf.p, &cbufData, sizeof(cbufData));
            cbD->cmdList->SetComputeRootConstantBufferView(0, cbuf.gpuAddr);
 
            QD3D12Descriptor srv = rhiD->shaderVisibleCbvSrvUavHeap.perFrameHeapSlice[rhiD->currentFrameSlot].get(1);
            D3D12_SHADER_RESOURCE_VIEW_DESC srvDesc = {};
            srvDesc.Format = res->desc.Format;
            srvDesc.Shader4ComponentMapping = D3D12_DEFAULT_SHADER_4_COMPONENT_MAPPING;
            if (isCubeOrArray) {
                srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DARRAY;
                srvDesc.Texture2DArray.MostDetailedMip = level;
                srvDesc.Texture2DArray.MipLevels = 1;
                srvDesc.Texture2DArray.FirstArraySlice = layer;
                srvDesc.Texture2DArray.ArraySize = 1;
            } else if (is3D) {
                srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE3D;
                srvDesc.Texture3D.MostDetailedMip = level;
                srvDesc.Texture3D.MipLevels = 1;
            } else {
                srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
                srvDesc.Texture2D.MostDetailedMip = level;
                srvDesc.Texture2D.MipLevels = 1;
            }
            rhiD->dev->CreateShaderResourceView(res->resource, &srvDesc, srv.cpuHandle);
            cbD->cmdList->SetComputeRootDescriptorTable(1, srv.gpuHandle);
 
            QD3D12Descriptor uavStart = rhiD->shaderVisibleCbvSrvUavHeap.perFrameHeapSlice[rhiD->currentFrameSlot].get(4);
            D3D12_CPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE uavCpuHandle = uavStart.cpuHandle;
            // if level is N, then need UAVs for levels N+1, ..., N+4
            for (quint32 uavIdx = 0; uavIdx < 4; ++uavIdx) {
                const quint32 uavMipLevel = qMin(level + 1u + uavIdx, res->desc.MipLevels - 1u);
                D3D12_UNORDERED_ACCESS_VIEW_DESC uavDesc = {};
                uavDesc.Format = res->desc.Format;
                if (isCubeOrArray) {
                    uavDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_UAV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DARRAY;
                    uavDesc.Texture2DArray.MipSlice = uavMipLevel;
                    uavDesc.Texture2DArray.FirstArraySlice = layer;
                    uavDesc.Texture2DArray.ArraySize = 1;
                } else if (is3D) {
                    uavDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_UAV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE3D;
                    uavDesc.Texture3D.MipSlice = uavMipLevel;
                    uavDesc.Texture3D.FirstWSlice = 0; // depth etc. not implemented yet
                    uavDesc.Texture3D.WSize = 1;
                } else {
                    uavDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_UAV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
                    uavDesc.Texture2D.MipSlice = uavMipLevel;
                }
                rhiD->dev->CreateUnorderedAccessView(res->resource, nullptr, &uavDesc, uavCpuHandle);
                uavCpuHandle.ptr += descriptorByteSize;
            }
            cbD->cmdList->SetComputeRootDescriptorTable(2, uavStart.gpuHandle);
 
            cbD->cmdList->Dispatch(levelPlusOneMipWidth, levelPlusOneMipHeight, 1);
 
            rhiD->barrierGen.enqueueUavBarrier(cbD, textureHandle);
            rhiD->barrierGen.enqueueSubresourceTransitionBarrier(cbD, textureHandle, subresource,
                                                                 D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_NON_PIXEL_SHADER_RESOURCE,
                                                                 D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_UNORDERED_ACCESS);
 
            level += numGenMips;
        }
    }
 
    if (ownStagingArea.has_value())
        ownStagingArea->destroyWithDeferredRelease(&rhiD->releaseQueue);
}
 
bool QD3D12MemoryAllocator::create(ID3D12Device *device, IDXGIAdapter1 *adapter)
{
    this->device = device;
 
    // We can function with and without D3D12MA: CreateCommittedResource is
    // just fine for our purposes and not any complicated API-wise; the memory
    // allocator is interesting for efficiency mainly since it can suballocate
    // instead of making everything a committed resource allocation.
 
    static bool disableMA = qEnvironmentVariableIntValue("QT_D3D_NO_SUBALLOC");
    if (disableMA)
        return true;
 
    DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC1 desc;
    adapter->GetDesc1(&desc);
    if (desc.Flags & DXGI_ADAPTER_FLAG_SOFTWARE)
        return true;
 
    D3D12MA::ALLOCATOR_DESC allocatorDesc = {};
    allocatorDesc.pDevice = device;
    allocatorDesc.pAdapter = adapter;
    // A QRhi is supposed to be used from one single thread only. Disable
    // the allocator's own mutexes. This may give a performance boost.
    allocatorDesc.Flags = D3D12MA::ALLOCATOR_FLAG_SINGLETHREADED;
    HRESULT hr = D3D12MA::CreateAllocator(&allocatorDesc, &allocator);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to initialize D3D12 Memory Allocator: %s",
                 qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}
 
void QD3D12MemoryAllocator::destroy()
{
    if (allocator) {
        allocator->Release();
        allocator = nullptr;
    }
}
 
HRESULT QD3D12MemoryAllocator::createResource(D3D12_HEAP_TYPE heapType,
                                              const D3D12_RESOURCE_DESC *resourceDesc,
                                              D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES initialState,
                                              const D3D12_CLEAR_VALUE *optimizedClearValue,
                                              D3D12MA::Allocation **maybeAllocation,
                                              REFIID riidResource,
                                              void **ppvResource)
{
    if (allocator) {
        D3D12MA::ALLOCATION_DESC allocDesc = {};
        allocDesc.HeapType = heapType;
        return allocator->CreateResource(&allocDesc,
                                         resourceDesc,
                                         initialState,
                                         optimizedClearValue,
                                         maybeAllocation,
                                         riidResource,
                                         ppvResource);
    } else {
        *maybeAllocation = nullptr;
        D3D12_HEAP_PROPERTIES heapProps = {};
        heapProps.Type = heapType;
        return device->CreateCommittedResource(&heapProps,
                                               D3D12_HEAP_FLAG_NONE,
                                               resourceDesc,
                                               initialState,
                                               optimizedClearValue,
                                               riidResource,
                                               ppvResource);
    }
}
 
void QD3D12MemoryAllocator::getBudget(D3D12MA::Budget *localBudget, D3D12MA::Budget *nonLocalBudget)
{
    if (allocator) {
        allocator->GetBudget(localBudget, nonLocalBudget);
    } else {
        *localBudget = {};
        *nonLocalBudget = {};
    }
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::waitGpu()
{
    fullFenceCounter += 1u;
    if (SUCCEEDED(cmdQueue->Signal(fullFence, fullFenceCounter))) {
        if (SUCCEEDED(fullFence->SetEventOnCompletion(fullFenceCounter, fullFenceEvent)))
            WaitForSingleObject(fullFenceEvent, INFINITE);
    }
}
 
DXGI_SAMPLE_DESC QRhiD3D12::effectiveSampleCount(int sampleCount, DXGI_FORMAT format) const
{
    DXGI_SAMPLE_DESC desc;
    desc.Count = 1;
    desc.Quality = 0;
 
    // Stay compatible with QSurfaceFormat and friends where samples == 0 means the same as 1.
    int s = qBound(1, sampleCount, 64);
 
    if (!supportedSampleCounts().contains(s)) {
        qWarning("Attempted to set unsupported sample count %d", sampleCount);
        return desc;
    }
 
    if (s > 1) {
        D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_MULTISAMPLE_QUALITY_LEVELS msaaInfo = {};
        msaaInfo.Format = format;
        msaaInfo.SampleCount = s;
        if (SUCCEEDED(dev->CheckFeatureSupport(D3D12_FEATURE_MULTISAMPLE_QUALITY_LEVELS, &msaaInfo, sizeof(msaaInfo)))) {
            if (msaaInfo.NumQualityLevels > 0) {
                desc.Count = UINT(s);
                desc.Quality = msaaInfo.NumQualityLevels - 1;
            } else {
                qWarning("No quality levels for multisampling with sample count %d", s);
            }
        }
    }
 
    return desc;
}
 
bool QRhiD3D12::startCommandListForCurrentFrameSlot(ID3D12GraphicsCommandList1 **cmdList)
{
    ID3D12CommandAllocator *cmdAlloc = cmdAllocators[currentFrameSlot];
    if (!*cmdList) {
        HRESULT hr = dev->CreateCommandList(0,
                                            D3D12_COMMAND_LIST_TYPE_DIRECT,
                                            cmdAlloc,
                                            nullptr,
                                            __uuidof(ID3D12GraphicsCommandList1),
                                            reinterpret_cast<void **>(cmdList));
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to create command list: %s", qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return false;
        }
    } else {
        HRESULT hr = (*cmdList)->Reset(cmdAlloc, nullptr);
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to reset command list: %s", qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}
 
static inline QRhiTexture::Format swapchainReadbackTextureFormat(DXGI_FORMAT format, QRhiTexture::Flags *flags)
{
    switch (format) {
    case DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM:
        return QRhiTexture::RGBA8;
    case DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM_SRGB:
        if (flags)
            (*flags) |= QRhiTexture::sRGB;
        return QRhiTexture::RGBA8;
    case DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM:
        return QRhiTexture::BGRA8;
    case DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM_SRGB:
        if (flags)
            (*flags) |= QRhiTexture::sRGB;
        return QRhiTexture::BGRA8;
    case DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT:
        return QRhiTexture::RGBA16F;
    case DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT:
        return QRhiTexture::RGBA32F;
    case DXGI_FORMAT_R10G10B10A2_UNORM:
        return QRhiTexture::RGB10A2;
    default:
        qWarning("DXGI_FORMAT %d cannot be read back", format);
        break;
    }
    return QRhiTexture::UnknownFormat;
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::enqueueResourceUpdates(QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates)
{
    QRhiResourceUpdateBatchPrivate *ud = QRhiResourceUpdateBatchPrivate::get(resourceUpdates);
 
    for (int opIdx = 0; opIdx < ud->activeBufferOpCount; ++opIdx) {
        const QRhiResourceUpdateBatchPrivate::BufferOp &u(ud->bufferOps[opIdx]);
        if (u.type == QRhiResourceUpdateBatchPrivate::BufferOp::DynamicUpdate) {
            QD3D12Buffer *bufD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Buffer, u.buf);
            Q_ASSERT(bufD->m_type == QRhiBuffer::Dynamic);
            for (int i = 0; i < QD3D12_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; ++i) {
                if (u.offset == 0 && u.data.size() == bufD->m_size)
                    bufD->pendingHostWrites[i].clear();
                bufD->pendingHostWrites[i].append({ u.offset, u.data });
            }
        } else if (u.type == QRhiResourceUpdateBatchPrivate::BufferOp::StaticUpload) {
            QD3D12Buffer *bufD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Buffer, u.buf);
            Q_ASSERT(bufD->m_type != QRhiBuffer::Dynamic);
            Q_ASSERT(u.offset + u.data.size() <= bufD->m_size);
 
            // The general approach to staging upload data is to first try
            // using the per-frame "small" staging area, which is a very simple
            // linear allocator; if that's not big enough then create a
            // dedicated StagingArea and then deferred-release it to make sure
            // if stays alive while the frame is possibly still in flight.
 
            QD3D12StagingArea::Allocation stagingAlloc;
            const quint32 allocSize = QD3D12StagingArea::allocSizeForArray(bufD->m_size, 1);
            if (smallStagingAreas[currentFrameSlot].remainingCapacity() >= allocSize)
                stagingAlloc = smallStagingAreas[currentFrameSlot].get(bufD->m_size);
 
            std::optional<QD3D12StagingArea> ownStagingArea;
            if (!stagingAlloc.isValid()) {
                ownStagingArea = QD3D12StagingArea();
                if (!ownStagingArea->create(this, allocSize, D3D12_HEAP_TYPE_UPLOAD))
                    continue;
                stagingAlloc = ownStagingArea->get(allocSize);
                if (!stagingAlloc.isValid()) {
                    ownStagingArea->destroy();
                    continue;
                }
            }
 
            memcpy(stagingAlloc.p + u.offset, u.data.constData(), u.data.size());
 
            barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(bufD->handles[0], D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COPY_DEST);
            barrierGen.enqueueBufferedTransitionBarriers(cbD);
 
            if (QD3D12Resource *res = resourcePool.lookupRef(bufD->handles[0])) {
                cbD->cmdList->CopyBufferRegion(res->resource,
                                               u.offset,
                                               stagingAlloc.buffer,
                                               stagingAlloc.bufferOffset + u.offset,
                                               u.data.size());
            }
 
            if (ownStagingArea.has_value())
                ownStagingArea->destroyWithDeferredRelease(&releaseQueue);
        } else if (u.type == QRhiResourceUpdateBatchPrivate::BufferOp::Read) {
            QD3D12Buffer *bufD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Buffer, u.buf);
            if (bufD->m_type == QRhiBuffer::Dynamic) {
                bufD->executeHostWritesForFrameSlot(currentFrameSlot);
                if (QD3D12Resource *res = resourcePool.lookupRef(bufD->handles[currentFrameSlot])) {
                    Q_ASSERT(res->cpuMapPtr);
                    u.result->data.resize(u.readSize);
                    memcpy(u.result->data.data(), reinterpret_cast<char *>(res->cpuMapPtr) + u.offset, u.readSize);
                }
                if (u.result->completed)
                    u.result->completed();
            } else {
                QD3D12Readback readback;
                readback.frameSlot = currentFrameSlot;
                readback.result = u.result;
                readback.byteSize = u.readSize;
                const quint32 allocSize = aligned(u.readSize, QD3D12StagingArea::ALIGNMENT);
                if (!readback.staging.create(this, allocSize, D3D12_HEAP_TYPE_READBACK)) {
                    if (u.result->completed)
                        u.result->completed();
                    continue;
                }
                QD3D12StagingArea::Allocation stagingAlloc = readback.staging.get(u.readSize);
                if (!stagingAlloc.isValid()) {
                    readback.staging.destroy();
                    if (u.result->completed)
                        u.result->completed();
                    continue;
                }
                Q_ASSERT(stagingAlloc.bufferOffset == 0);
                barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(bufD->handles[0], D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COPY_SOURCE);
                barrierGen.enqueueBufferedTransitionBarriers(cbD);
                if (QD3D12Resource *res = resourcePool.lookupRef(bufD->handles[0])) {
                    cbD->cmdList->CopyBufferRegion(stagingAlloc.buffer, 0, res->resource, u.offset, u.readSize);
                    activeReadbacks.append(readback);
                } else {
                    readback.staging.destroy();
                    if (u.result->completed)
                        u.result->completed();
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    for (int opIdx = 0; opIdx < ud->activeTextureOpCount; ++opIdx) {
        const QRhiResourceUpdateBatchPrivate::TextureOp &u(ud->textureOps[opIdx]);
        if (u.type == QRhiResourceUpdateBatchPrivate::TextureOp::Upload) {
            QD3D12Texture *texD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Texture, u.dst);
            const bool is3D = texD->m_flags.testFlag(QRhiTexture::ThreeDimensional);
            QD3D12Resource *res = resourcePool.lookupRef(texD->handle);
            if (!res)
                continue;
            barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(texD->handle, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COPY_DEST);
            barrierGen.enqueueBufferedTransitionBarriers(cbD);
            for (int layer = 0, maxLayer = u.subresDesc.size(); layer < maxLayer; ++layer) {
                for (int level = 0; level < QRhi::MAX_MIP_LEVELS; ++level) {
                    for (const QRhiTextureSubresourceUploadDescription &subresDesc : std::as_const(u.subresDesc[layer][level])) {
                        const UINT subresource = calcSubresource(UINT(level), is3D ? 0u : UINT(layer), texD->mipLevelCount);
                        D3D12_PLACED_SUBRESOURCE_FOOTPRINT layout;
                        UINT64 totalBytes = 0;
                        D3D12_RESOURCE_DESC desc = res->desc;
                        if (is3D) {
                            desc.Dimension = D3D12_RESOURCE_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
                            desc.DepthOrArraySize = 1;
                        }
                        dev->GetCopyableFootprints(&desc, subresource, 1, 0,
                                                   &layout, nullptr, nullptr, &totalBytes);
 
                        const quint32 allocSize = QD3D12StagingArea::allocSizeForArray(quint32(totalBytes), 1);
                        QD3D12StagingArea::Allocation stagingAlloc;
                        if (smallStagingAreas[currentFrameSlot].remainingCapacity() >= allocSize)
                            stagingAlloc = smallStagingAreas[currentFrameSlot].get(allocSize);
 
                        std::optional<QD3D12StagingArea> ownStagingArea;
                        if (!stagingAlloc.isValid()) {
                            ownStagingArea = QD3D12StagingArea();
                            if (!ownStagingArea->create(this, allocSize, D3D12_HEAP_TYPE_UPLOAD))
                                continue;
                            stagingAlloc = ownStagingArea->get(allocSize);
                            if (!stagingAlloc.isValid()) {
                                ownStagingArea->destroy();
                                continue;
                            }
                        }
 
                        const UINT requiredBytesPerLine = layout.Footprint.RowPitch; // multiple of 256
                        const QSize subresSize = subresDesc.sourceSize().isEmpty() ? q->sizeForMipLevel(level, texD->m_pixelSize)
                                                                                   : subresDesc.sourceSize();
                        const QPoint srcPos = subresDesc.sourceTopLeft();
                        QPoint dstPos = subresDesc.destinationTopLeft();
 
                        D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_LOCATION dst;
                        dst.pResource = res->resource;
                        dst.Type = D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_TYPE_SUBRESOURCE_INDEX;
                        dst.SubresourceIndex = subresource;
                        D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_LOCATION src;
                        src.pResource = stagingAlloc.buffer;
                        src.Type = D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_TYPE_PLACED_FOOTPRINT;
                        src.PlacedFootprint.Offset = stagingAlloc.bufferOffset;
                        src.PlacedFootprint.Footprint = layout.Footprint;
 
                        D3D12_BOX srcBox; // back, right, bottom are exclusive
 
                        if (!subresDesc.image().isNull()) {
                            QImage img = subresDesc.image();
                            const int bpc = qMax(1, img.depth() / 8);
                            const int bpl = img.bytesPerLine();
 
                            QSize size = subresDesc.sourceSize().isEmpty() ? img.size() : subresDesc.sourceSize();
                            size.setWidth(qMin(size.width(), img.width() - srcPos.x()));
                            size.setHeight(qMin(size.height(), img.height() - srcPos.y()));
                            srcBox.left = 0;
                            srcBox.top = 0;
                            srcBox.right = UINT(size.width());
                            srcBox.bottom = UINT(size.height());
                            srcBox.front = 0;
                            srcBox.back = 1;
 
                            const uchar *imgPtr = img.constBits();
                            const quint32 lineBytes = size.width() * bpc;
                            for (int y = 0, h = size.height(); y < h; ++y) {
                                memcpy(stagingAlloc.p + y * requiredBytesPerLine,
                                       imgPtr + srcPos.x() * bpc + (y + srcPos.y()) * bpl,
                                       lineBytes);
                            }
                        } else if (!subresDesc.data().isEmpty() && isCompressedFormat(texD->m_format)) {
                            QSize blockDim;
                            quint32 bpl = 0;
                            compressedFormatInfo(texD->m_format, subresSize, &bpl, nullptr, &blockDim);
                            // x and y must be multiples of the block width and height
                            dstPos.setX(aligned(dstPos.x(), blockDim.width()));
                            dstPos.setY(aligned(dstPos.y(), blockDim.height()));
 
                            srcBox.left = 0;
                            srcBox.top = 0;
                            // width and height must be multiples of the block width and height
                            srcBox.right = aligned(subresSize.width(), blockDim.width());
                            srcBox.bottom = aligned(subresSize.height(), blockDim.height());
                            srcBox.front = 0;
                            srcBox.back = 1;
 
                            const quint32 copyBytes = qMin(bpl, requiredBytesPerLine);
                            const QByteArray imgData = subresDesc.data();
                            const char *imgPtr = imgData.constData();
                            const int rowCount = aligned(subresSize.height(), blockDim.height()) / blockDim.height();
                            for (int y = 0; y < rowCount; ++y)
                                memcpy(stagingAlloc.p + y * requiredBytesPerLine, imgPtr + y * bpl, copyBytes);
                        } else if (!subresDesc.data().isEmpty()) {
                            srcBox.left = 0;
                            srcBox.top = 0;
                            srcBox.right = subresSize.width();
                            srcBox.bottom = subresSize.height();
                            srcBox.front = 0;
                            srcBox.back = 1;
 
                            quint32 bpl = 0;
                            if (subresDesc.dataStride())
                                bpl = subresDesc.dataStride();
                            else
                                textureFormatInfo(texD->m_format, subresSize, &bpl, nullptr, nullptr);
 
                            const quint32 copyBytes = qMin(bpl, requiredBytesPerLine);
                            const QByteArray data = subresDesc.data();
                            const char *imgPtr = data.constData();
                            for (int y = 0, h = subresSize.height(); y < h; ++y)
                                memcpy(stagingAlloc.p + y * requiredBytesPerLine, imgPtr + y * bpl, copyBytes);
                        } else {
                            qWarning("Invalid texture upload for %p layer=%d mip=%d", texD, layer, level);
                            if (ownStagingArea.has_value())
                                ownStagingArea->destroyWithDeferredRelease(&releaseQueue);
                            continue;
                        }
 
                        cbD->cmdList->CopyTextureRegion(&dst,
                                                        UINT(dstPos.x()),
                                                        UINT(dstPos.y()),
                                                        is3D ? UINT(layer) : 0u,
                                                        &src,
                                                        &srcBox);
 
                        if (ownStagingArea.has_value())
                            ownStagingArea->destroyWithDeferredRelease(&releaseQueue);
                    }
                }
            }
        } else if (u.type == QRhiResourceUpdateBatchPrivate::TextureOp::Copy) {
            Q_ASSERT(u.src && u.dst);
            QD3D12Texture *srcD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Texture, u.src);
            QD3D12Texture *dstD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Texture, u.dst);
            const bool srcIs3D = srcD->m_flags.testFlag(QRhiTexture::ThreeDimensional);
            const bool dstIs3D = dstD->m_flags.testFlag(QRhiTexture::ThreeDimensional);
            QD3D12Resource *srcRes = resourcePool.lookupRef(srcD->handle);
            QD3D12Resource *dstRes = resourcePool.lookupRef(dstD->handle);
            if (!srcRes || !dstRes)
                continue;
 
            barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(srcD->handle, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COPY_SOURCE);
            barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(dstD->handle, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COPY_DEST);
            barrierGen.enqueueBufferedTransitionBarriers(cbD);
 
            const UINT srcSubresource = calcSubresource(UINT(u.desc.sourceLevel()),
                                                        srcIs3D ? 0u : UINT(u.desc.sourceLayer()),
                                                        srcD->mipLevelCount);
            const UINT dstSubresource = calcSubresource(UINT(u.desc.destinationLevel()),
                                                        dstIs3D ? 0u : UINT(u.desc.destinationLayer()),
                                                        dstD->mipLevelCount);
            const QPoint dp = u.desc.destinationTopLeft();
            const QSize mipSize = q->sizeForMipLevel(u.desc.sourceLevel(), srcD->m_pixelSize);
            const QSize copySize = u.desc.pixelSize().isEmpty() ? mipSize : u.desc.pixelSize();
            const QPoint sp = u.desc.sourceTopLeft();
 
            D3D12_BOX srcBox;
            srcBox.left = UINT(sp.x());
            srcBox.top = UINT(sp.y());
            srcBox.front = srcIs3D ? UINT(u.desc.sourceLayer()) : 0u;
            // back, right, bottom are exclusive
            srcBox.right = srcBox.left + UINT(copySize.width());
            srcBox.bottom = srcBox.top + UINT(copySize.height());
            srcBox.back = srcBox.front + 1;
 
            D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_LOCATION src;
            src.pResource = srcRes->resource;
            src.Type = D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_TYPE_SUBRESOURCE_INDEX;
            src.SubresourceIndex = srcSubresource;
            D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_LOCATION dst;
            dst.pResource = dstRes->resource;
            dst.Type = D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_TYPE_SUBRESOURCE_INDEX;
            dst.SubresourceIndex = dstSubresource;
 
            cbD->cmdList->CopyTextureRegion(&dst,
                                            UINT(dp.x()),
                                            UINT(dp.y()),
                                            dstIs3D ? UINT(u.desc.destinationLayer()) : 0u,
                                            &src,
                                            &srcBox);
        } else if (u.type == QRhiResourceUpdateBatchPrivate::TextureOp::Read) {
            QD3D12Readback readback;
            readback.frameSlot = currentFrameSlot;
            readback.result = u.result;
 
            QD3D12ObjectHandle srcHandle;
            bool is3D = false;
            if (u.rb.texture()) {
                QD3D12Texture *texD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Texture, u.rb.texture());
                if (texD->sampleDesc.Count > 1) {
                    qWarning("Multisample texture cannot be read back");
                    continue;
                }
                is3D = texD->m_flags.testFlag(QRhiTexture::ThreeDimensional);
                readback.pixelSize = q->sizeForMipLevel(u.rb.level(), texD->m_pixelSize);
                readback.format = texD->m_format;
                srcHandle = texD->handle;
            } else {
                Q_ASSERT(currentSwapChain);
                readback.pixelSize = currentSwapChain->pixelSize;
                readback.format = swapchainReadbackTextureFormat(currentSwapChain->colorFormat, nullptr);
                if (readback.format == QRhiTexture::UnknownFormat)
                    continue;
                srcHandle = currentSwapChain->colorBuffers[currentSwapChain->currentBackBufferIndex];
            }
 
            textureFormatInfo(readback.format,
                              readback.pixelSize,
                              &readback.bytesPerLine,
                              &readback.byteSize,
                              nullptr);
 
            QD3D12Resource *srcRes = resourcePool.lookupRef(srcHandle);
            if (!srcRes)
                continue;
 
            const UINT subresource = calcSubresource(UINT(u.rb.level()),
                                                     is3D ? 0u : UINT(u.rb.layer()),
                                                     srcRes->desc.MipLevels);
            D3D12_PLACED_SUBRESOURCE_FOOTPRINT layout;
            // totalBytes is what we get from D3D, with the 256 aligned stride,
            // readback.byteSize is the final result that's not relevant here yet
            UINT64 totalBytes = 0;
            dev->GetCopyableFootprints(&srcRes->desc, subresource, 1, 0,
                                       &layout, nullptr, nullptr, &totalBytes);
            readback.stagingRowPitch = layout.Footprint.RowPitch;
 
            const quint32 allocSize = aligned<quint32>(totalBytes, QD3D12StagingArea::ALIGNMENT);
            if (!readback.staging.create(this, allocSize, D3D12_HEAP_TYPE_READBACK)) {
                if (u.result->completed)
                    u.result->completed();
                continue;
            }
            QD3D12StagingArea::Allocation stagingAlloc = readback.staging.get(totalBytes);
            if (!stagingAlloc.isValid()) {
                readback.staging.destroy();
                if (u.result->completed)
                    u.result->completed();
                continue;
            }
            Q_ASSERT(stagingAlloc.bufferOffset == 0);
 
            barrierGen.addTransitionBarrier(srcHandle, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COPY_SOURCE);
            barrierGen.enqueueBufferedTransitionBarriers(cbD);
 
            D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_LOCATION dst;
            dst.pResource = stagingAlloc.buffer;
            dst.Type = D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_TYPE_PLACED_FOOTPRINT;
            dst.PlacedFootprint.Offset = 0;
            dst.PlacedFootprint.Footprint = layout.Footprint;
 
            D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_LOCATION src;
            src.pResource = srcRes->resource;
            src.Type = D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_TYPE_SUBRESOURCE_INDEX;
            src.SubresourceIndex = subresource;
 
            D3D12_BOX srcBox = {};
            if (is3D) {
                srcBox.front = UINT(u.rb.layer());
                srcBox.back = srcBox.front + 1;
                srcBox.right = readback.pixelSize.width(); // exclusive
                srcBox.bottom = readback.pixelSize.height();
            }
            cbD->cmdList->CopyTextureRegion(&dst, 0, 0, 0, &src, is3D ? &srcBox : nullptr);
            activeReadbacks.append(readback);
        } else if (u.type == QRhiResourceUpdateBatchPrivate::TextureOp::GenMips) {
            QD3D12Texture *texD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Texture, u.dst);
            Q_ASSERT(texD->flags().testFlag(QRhiTexture::UsedWithGenerateMips));
            mipmapGen.generate(cbD, texD->handle);
        }
    }
 
    ud->free();
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::finishActiveReadbacks(bool forced)
{
    QVarLengthArray<std::function<void()>, 4> completedCallbacks;
 
    for (int i = activeReadbacks.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
        QD3D12Readback &readback(activeReadbacks[i]);
        if (forced || currentFrameSlot == readback.frameSlot || readback.frameSlot < 0) {
            readback.result->format = readback.format;
            readback.result->pixelSize = readback.pixelSize;
            readback.result->data.resize(int(readback.byteSize));
 
            if (readback.format != QRhiTexture::UnknownFormat) {
                quint8 *dstPtr = reinterpret_cast<quint8 *>(readback.result->data.data());
                const quint8 *srcPtr = readback.staging.mem.p;
                const quint32 lineSize = qMin(readback.bytesPerLine, readback.stagingRowPitch);
                for (int y = 0, h = readback.pixelSize.height(); y < h; ++y)
                    memcpy(dstPtr + y * readback.bytesPerLine, srcPtr + y * readback.stagingRowPitch, lineSize);
            } else {
                memcpy(readback.result->data.data(), readback.staging.mem.p, readback.byteSize);
            }
 
            readback.staging.destroy();
 
            if (readback.result->completed)
                completedCallbacks.append(readback.result->completed);
 
            activeReadbacks.removeLast();
        }
    }
 
    for (auto f : completedCallbacks)
        f();
}
 
bool QRhiD3D12::ensureShaderVisibleDescriptorHeapCapacity(QD3D12ShaderVisibleDescriptorHeap *h,
                                                          D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE type,
                                                          int frameSlot,
                                                          quint32 neededDescriptorCount,
                                                          bool *gotNew)
{
    // Gets a new heap if needed. Note that the capacity we get is clamped
    // automatically (e.g. to 1 million, or 2048 for samplers), so * 2 does not
    // mean we can grow indefinitely, then again even using the same size would
    // work (because we what we are after here is a new heap for the rest of
    // the commands, not affecting what's already recorded).
    if (h->perFrameHeapSlice[frameSlot].remainingCapacity() < neededDescriptorCount) {
        const quint32 newPerFrameSize = qMax(h->perFrameHeapSlice[frameSlot].capacity * 2,
                                             neededDescriptorCount);
        QD3D12ShaderVisibleDescriptorHeap newHeap;
        if (!newHeap.create(dev, type, newPerFrameSize)) {
            qWarning("Could not create new shader-visible descriptor heap");
            return false;
        }
        h->destroyWithDeferredRelease(&releaseQueue);
        *h = newHeap;
        *gotNew = true;
    }
    return true;
}
 
void QRhiD3D12::bindShaderVisibleHeaps(QD3D12CommandBuffer *cbD)
{
    ID3D12DescriptorHeap *heaps[] = {
        shaderVisibleCbvSrvUavHeap.heap.heap,
        samplerMgr.shaderVisibleSamplerHeap.heap.heap
    };
    cbD->cmdList->SetDescriptorHeaps(2, heaps);
}
 
QD3D12Buffer::QD3D12Buffer(QRhiImplementation *rhi, Type type, UsageFlags usage, quint32 size)
    : QRhiBuffer(rhi, type, usage, size)
{
}
 
QD3D12Buffer::~QD3D12Buffer()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D12Buffer::destroy()
{
    if (handles[0].isNull())
        return;
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
 
    // destroy() implementations, unlike other functions, are expected to test
    // for m_rhi (rhiD) being null, to allow surviving in case one attempts to
    // destroy a (leaked) resource after the QRhi.
    //
    // If there is no QRhi anymore, we do not deferred-release but that's fine
    // since the QRhi already released everything that was in the resourcePool.
 
    for (int i = 0; i < QD3D12_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; ++i) {
        if (rhiD)
            rhiD->releaseQueue.deferredReleaseResource(handles[i]);
        handles[i] = {};
        pendingHostWrites[i].clear();
    }
 
    if (rhiD)
        rhiD->unregisterResource(this);
}
 
bool QD3D12Buffer::create()
{
    if (!handles[0].isNull())
        destroy();
 
    if (m_usage.testFlag(QRhiBuffer::UniformBuffer) && m_type != Dynamic) {
        qWarning("UniformBuffer must always be Dynamic");
        return false;
    }
 
    if (m_usage.testFlag(QRhiBuffer::StorageBuffer) && m_type == Dynamic) {
        qWarning("StorageBuffer cannot be combined with Dynamic");
        return false;
    }
 
    const quint32 nonZeroSize = m_size <= 0 ? 256 : m_size;
    const quint32 roundedSize = aligned(nonZeroSize, m_usage.testFlag(QRhiBuffer::UniformBuffer) ? 256u : 4u);
 
    UINT resourceFlags = D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_NONE;
    if (m_usage.testFlag(QRhiBuffer::StorageBuffer))
        resourceFlags |= D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_ALLOW_UNORDERED_ACCESS;
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    HRESULT hr = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < QD3D12_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; ++i) {
        if (i == 0 || m_type == Dynamic) {
            D3D12_RESOURCE_DESC resourceDesc = {};
            resourceDesc.Dimension = D3D12_RESOURCE_DIMENSION_BUFFER;
            resourceDesc.Width = roundedSize;
            resourceDesc.Height = 1;
            resourceDesc.DepthOrArraySize = 1;
            resourceDesc.MipLevels = 1;
            resourceDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_UNKNOWN;
            resourceDesc.SampleDesc = { 1, 0 };
            resourceDesc.Layout = D3D12_TEXTURE_LAYOUT_ROW_MAJOR;
            resourceDesc.Flags = D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAGS(resourceFlags);
            ID3D12Resource *resource = nullptr;
            D3D12MA::Allocation *allocation = nullptr;
            // Dynamic == host (CPU) visible
            D3D12_HEAP_TYPE heapType = m_type == Dynamic
                    ? D3D12_HEAP_TYPE_UPLOAD
                    : D3D12_HEAP_TYPE_DEFAULT;
            D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES resourceState = m_type == Dynamic
                    ? D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_GENERIC_READ
                    : D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COMMON;
            hr = rhiD->vma.createResource(heapType,
                                          &resourceDesc,
                                          resourceState,
                                          nullptr,
                                          &allocation,
                                          __uuidof(resource),
                                          reinterpret_cast<void **>(&resource));
            if (FAILED(hr))
                break;
            if (!m_objectName.isEmpty()) {
                QString decoratedName = QString::fromUtf8(m_objectName);
                if (m_type == Dynamic) {
                    decoratedName += QLatin1Char('/');
                    decoratedName += QString::number(i);
                }
                resource->SetName(reinterpret_cast<LPCWSTR>(decoratedName.utf16()));
            }
            void *cpuMemPtr = nullptr;
            if (m_type == Dynamic) {
                // will be mapped for ever on the CPU, this makes future host write operations very simple
                hr = resource->Map(0, nullptr, &cpuMemPtr);
                if (FAILED(hr)) {
                    qWarning("Map() failed to dynamic buffer");
                    resource->Release();
                    if (allocation)
                        allocation->Release();
                    break;
                }
            }
            handles[i] = QD3D12Resource::addToPool(&rhiD->resourcePool,
                                                   resource,
                                                   resourceState,
                                                   allocation,
                                                   cpuMemPtr);
        }
    }
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create buffer: '%s' Type was %d, size was %u, using D3D12MA was %d.",
                 qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)),
                 int(m_type),
                 roundedSize,
                 int(rhiD->vma.isUsingD3D12MA()));
        return false;
    }
 
    rhiD->registerResource(this);
    return true;
}
 
QRhiBuffer::NativeBuffer QD3D12Buffer::nativeBuffer()
{
    NativeBuffer b;
    Q_ASSERT(sizeof(b.objects) / sizeof(b.objects[0]) >= size_t(QD3D12_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT));
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    if (m_type == Dynamic) {
        for (int i = 0; i < QD3D12_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; ++i) {
            executeHostWritesForFrameSlot(i);
            if (QD3D12Resource *res = rhiD->resourcePool.lookupRef(handles[i]))
                b.objects[i] = res->resource;
            else
                b.objects[i] = nullptr;
        }
        b.slotCount = QD3D12_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
        return b;
    }
    if (QD3D12Resource *res = rhiD->resourcePool.lookupRef(handles[0]))
        b.objects[0] = res->resource;
    else
        b.objects[0] = nullptr;
    b.slotCount = 1;
    return b;
}
 
char *QD3D12Buffer::beginFullDynamicBufferUpdateForCurrentFrame()
{
    // Shortcut the entire buffer update mechanism and allow the client to do
    // the host writes directly to the buffer. This will lead to unexpected
    // results when combined with QRhiResourceUpdateBatch-based updates for the
    // buffer, but provides a fast path for dynamic buffers that have all their
    // content changed in every frame.
 
    Q_ASSERT(m_type == Dynamic);
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    Q_ASSERT(rhiD->inFrame);
    if (QD3D12Resource *res = rhiD->resourcePool.lookupRef(handles[rhiD->currentFrameSlot]))
        return static_cast<char *>(res->cpuMapPtr);
 
    return nullptr;
}
 
void QD3D12Buffer::endFullDynamicBufferUpdateForCurrentFrame()
{
    // nothing to do here
}
 
void QD3D12Buffer::executeHostWritesForFrameSlot(int frameSlot)
{
    if (pendingHostWrites[frameSlot].isEmpty())
        return;
 
    Q_ASSERT(m_type == QRhiBuffer::Dynamic);
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    if (QD3D12Resource *res = rhiD->resourcePool.lookupRef(handles[frameSlot])) {
        Q_ASSERT(res->cpuMapPtr);
        for (const QD3D12Buffer::HostWrite &u : std::as_const(pendingHostWrites[frameSlot]))
            memcpy(static_cast<char *>(res->cpuMapPtr) + u.offset, u.data.constData(), u.data.size());
    }
    pendingHostWrites[frameSlot].clear();
}
 
static inline DXGI_FORMAT toD3DTextureFormat(QRhiTexture::Format format, QRhiTexture::Flags flags)
{
    const bool srgb = flags.testFlag(QRhiTexture::sRGB);
    switch (format) {
    case QRhiTexture::RGBA8:
        return srgb ? DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM_SRGB : DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::BGRA8:
        return srgb ? DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM_SRGB : DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::R8:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R8_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::RG8:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::R16:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::RG16:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::RED_OR_ALPHA8:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R8_UNORM;
 
    case QRhiTexture::RGBA16F:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT;
    case QRhiTexture::RGBA32F:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT;
    case QRhiTexture::R16F:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R16_FLOAT;
    case QRhiTexture::R32F:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32_FLOAT;
 
    case QRhiTexture::RGB10A2:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R10G10B10A2_UNORM;
 
    case QRhiTexture::D16:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R16_TYPELESS;
    case QRhiTexture::D24:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R24G8_TYPELESS;
    case QRhiTexture::D24S8:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R24G8_TYPELESS;
    case QRhiTexture::D32F:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32_TYPELESS;
 
    case QRhiTexture::BC1:
        return srgb ? DXGI_FORMAT_BC1_UNORM_SRGB : DXGI_FORMAT_BC1_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::BC2:
        return srgb ? DXGI_FORMAT_BC2_UNORM_SRGB : DXGI_FORMAT_BC2_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::BC3:
        return srgb ? DXGI_FORMAT_BC3_UNORM_SRGB : DXGI_FORMAT_BC3_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::BC4:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_BC4_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::BC5:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_BC5_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::BC6H:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_BC6H_UF16;
    case QRhiTexture::BC7:
        return srgb ? DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM_SRGB : DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM;
 
    case QRhiTexture::ETC2_RGB8:
    case QRhiTexture::ETC2_RGB8A1:
    case QRhiTexture::ETC2_RGBA8:
        qWarning("QRhiD3D12 does not support ETC2 textures");
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
 
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_4x4:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_5x4:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_5x5:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_6x5:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_6x6:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_8x5:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_8x6:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_8x8:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_10x5:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_10x6:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_10x8:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_10x10:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_12x10:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_12x12:
        qWarning("QRhiD3D12 does not support ASTC textures");
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
 
    default:
        break;
    }
    return DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
}
 
QD3D12RenderBuffer::QD3D12RenderBuffer(QRhiImplementation *rhi,
                                       Type type,
                                       const QSize &pixelSize,
                                       int sampleCount,
                                       Flags flags,
                                       QRhiTexture::Format backingFormatHint)
    : QRhiRenderBuffer(rhi, type, pixelSize, sampleCount, flags, backingFormatHint)
{
}
 
QD3D12RenderBuffer::~QD3D12RenderBuffer()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D12RenderBuffer::destroy()
{
    if (handle.isNull())
        return;
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    if (rhiD) {
        if (rtv.isValid())
            rhiD->releaseQueue.deferredReleaseResourceWithViews(handle, &rhiD->rtvPool, rtv, 1);
        else if (dsv.isValid())
            rhiD->releaseQueue.deferredReleaseResourceWithViews(handle, &rhiD->dsvPool, dsv, 1);
    }
 
    handle = {};
    rtv = {};
    dsv = {};
 
    if (rhiD)
        rhiD->unregisterResource(this);
}
 
bool QD3D12RenderBuffer::create()
{
    if (!handle.isNull())
        destroy();
 
    if (m_pixelSize.isEmpty())
        return false;
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
 
    switch (m_type) {
    case QRhiRenderBuffer::Color:
    {
        dxgiFormat = toD3DTextureFormat(backingFormat(), {});
        sampleDesc = rhiD->effectiveSampleCount(m_sampleCount, dxgiFormat);
        D3D12_RESOURCE_DESC resourceDesc = {};
        resourceDesc.Dimension = D3D12_RESOURCE_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
        resourceDesc.Width = UINT64(m_pixelSize.width());
        resourceDesc.Height = UINT(m_pixelSize.height());
        resourceDesc.DepthOrArraySize = 1;
        resourceDesc.MipLevels = 1;
        resourceDesc.Format = dxgiFormat;
        resourceDesc.SampleDesc = sampleDesc;
        resourceDesc.Layout = D3D12_TEXTURE_LAYOUT_UNKNOWN;
        resourceDesc.Flags = D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_ALLOW_RENDER_TARGET;
        D3D12_CLEAR_VALUE clearValue = {};
        clearValue.Format = dxgiFormat;
        // have a separate allocation and resource object (meaning both will need its own Release())
        ID3D12Resource *resource = nullptr;
        D3D12MA::Allocation *allocation = nullptr;
        HRESULT hr = rhiD->vma.createResource(D3D12_HEAP_TYPE_DEFAULT,
                                              &resourceDesc,
                                              D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RENDER_TARGET,
                                              &clearValue,
                                              &allocation,
                                              __uuidof(ID3D12Resource),
                                              reinterpret_cast<void **>(&resource));
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to create color buffer: %s", qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return false;
        }
        handle = QD3D12Resource::addToPool(&rhiD->resourcePool, resource, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RENDER_TARGET, allocation);
        rtv = rhiD->rtvPool.allocate(1);
        if (!rtv.isValid())
            return false;
        D3D12_RENDER_TARGET_VIEW_DESC rtvDesc = {};
        rtvDesc.Format = dxgiFormat;
        rtvDesc.ViewDimension = sampleDesc.Count > 1 ? D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMS
                                                     : D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
        rhiD->dev->CreateRenderTargetView(resource, &rtvDesc, rtv.cpuHandle);
    }
        break;
    case QRhiRenderBuffer::DepthStencil:
    {
        dxgiFormat = DS_FORMAT;
        sampleDesc = rhiD->effectiveSampleCount(m_sampleCount, dxgiFormat);
        D3D12_RESOURCE_DESC resourceDesc = {};
        resourceDesc.Dimension = D3D12_RESOURCE_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
        resourceDesc.Width = UINT64(m_pixelSize.width());
        resourceDesc.Height = UINT(m_pixelSize.height());
        resourceDesc.DepthOrArraySize = 1;
        resourceDesc.MipLevels = 1;
        resourceDesc.Format = dxgiFormat;
        resourceDesc.SampleDesc = sampleDesc;
        resourceDesc.Layout = D3D12_TEXTURE_LAYOUT_UNKNOWN;
        resourceDesc.Flags = D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_ALLOW_DEPTH_STENCIL;
        if (m_flags.testFlag(UsedWithSwapChainOnly))
            resourceDesc.Flags |= D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_DENY_SHADER_RESOURCE;
        D3D12_CLEAR_VALUE clearValue = {};
        clearValue.Format = dxgiFormat;
        clearValue.DepthStencil.Depth = 1.0f;
        clearValue.DepthStencil.Stencil = 0;
        ID3D12Resource *resource = nullptr;
        D3D12MA::Allocation *allocation = nullptr;
        HRESULT hr = rhiD->vma.createResource(D3D12_HEAP_TYPE_DEFAULT,
                                              &resourceDesc,
                                              D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_DEPTH_WRITE,
                                              &clearValue,
                                              &allocation,
                                              __uuidof(ID3D12Resource),
                                              reinterpret_cast<void **>(&resource));
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to create depth-stencil buffer: %s", qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return false;
        }
        handle = QD3D12Resource::addToPool(&rhiD->resourcePool, resource, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_DEPTH_WRITE, allocation);
        dsv = rhiD->dsvPool.allocate(1);
        if (!dsv.isValid())
            return false;
        D3D12_DEPTH_STENCIL_VIEW_DESC dsvDesc = {};
        dsvDesc.Format = dxgiFormat;
        dsvDesc.ViewDimension = sampleDesc.Count > 1 ? D3D12_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMS
                                                     : D3D12_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
        rhiD->dev->CreateDepthStencilView(resource, &dsvDesc, dsv.cpuHandle);
    }
        break;
    }
 
    if (!m_objectName.isEmpty()) {
        if (QD3D12Resource *res = rhiD->resourcePool.lookupRef(handle)) {
            const QString name = QString::fromUtf8(m_objectName);
            res->resource->SetName(reinterpret_cast<LPCWSTR>(name.utf16()));
        }
    }
 
    generation += 1;
    rhiD->registerResource(this);
    return true;
}
 
QRhiTexture::Format QD3D12RenderBuffer::backingFormat() const
{
    if (m_backingFormatHint != QRhiTexture::UnknownFormat)
        return m_backingFormatHint;
    else
        return m_type == Color ? QRhiTexture::RGBA8 : QRhiTexture::UnknownFormat;
}
 
QD3D12Texture::QD3D12Texture(QRhiImplementation *rhi, Format format, const QSize &pixelSize, int depth,
                             int arraySize, int sampleCount, Flags flags)
    : QRhiTexture(rhi, format, pixelSize, depth, arraySize, sampleCount, flags)
{
}
 
QD3D12Texture::~QD3D12Texture()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D12Texture::destroy()
{
    if (handle.isNull())
        return;
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    if (rhiD)
        rhiD->releaseQueue.deferredReleaseResourceWithViews(handle, &rhiD->cbvSrvUavPool, srv, 1);
 
    handle = {};
    srv = {};
 
    if (rhiD)
        rhiD->unregisterResource(this);
}
 
static inline DXGI_FORMAT toD3DDepthTextureSRVFormat(QRhiTexture::Format format)
{
    switch (format) {
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D16:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R16_FLOAT;
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D24:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R24_UNORM_X8_TYPELESS;
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D24S8:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R24_UNORM_X8_TYPELESS;
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D32F:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32_FLOAT;
    default:
        break;
    }
    Q_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(DXGI_FORMAT_R32_FLOAT);
}
 
static inline DXGI_FORMAT toD3DDepthTextureDSVFormat(QRhiTexture::Format format)
{
    // here the result cannot be typeless
    switch (format) {
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D16:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_D16_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D24:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D24S8:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D32F:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_D32_FLOAT;
    default:
        break;
    }
    Q_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(DXGI_FORMAT_D32_FLOAT);
}
 
static inline bool isDepthTextureFormat(QRhiTexture::Format format)
{
    switch (format) {
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D16:
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D24:
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D24S8:
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D32F:
        return true;
    default:
        return false;
    }
}
 
bool QD3D12Texture::prepareCreate(QSize *adjustedSize)
{
    if (!handle.isNull())
        destroy();
 
    const bool isDepth = isDepthTextureFormat(m_format);
    const bool isCube = m_flags.testFlag(CubeMap);
    const bool is3D = m_flags.testFlag(ThreeDimensional);
    const bool isArray = m_flags.testFlag(TextureArray);
    const bool hasMipMaps = m_flags.testFlag(MipMapped);
    const bool is1D = m_flags.testFlag(OneDimensional);
 
    const QSize size = is1D ? QSize(qMax(1, m_pixelSize.width()), 1)
                            : (m_pixelSize.isEmpty() ? QSize(1, 1) : m_pixelSize);
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    dxgiFormat = toD3DTextureFormat(m_format, m_flags);
    mipLevelCount = uint(hasMipMaps ? rhiD->q->mipLevelsForSize(size) : 1);
    sampleDesc = rhiD->effectiveSampleCount(m_sampleCount, dxgiFormat);
    if (sampleDesc.Count > 1) {
        if (isCube) {
            qWarning("Cubemap texture cannot be multisample");
            return false;
        }
        if (is3D) {
            qWarning("3D texture cannot be multisample");
            return false;
        }
        if (hasMipMaps) {
            qWarning("Multisample texture cannot have mipmaps");
            return false;
        }
    }
    if (isDepth && hasMipMaps) {
        qWarning("Depth texture cannot have mipmaps");
        return false;
    }
    if (isCube && is3D) {
        qWarning("Texture cannot be both cube and 3D");
        return false;
    }
    if (isArray && is3D) {
        qWarning("Texture cannot be both array and 3D");
        return false;
    }
    if (isCube && is1D) {
        qWarning("Texture cannot be both cube and 1D");
        return false;
    }
    if (is1D && is3D) {
        qWarning("Texture cannot be both 1D and 3D");
        return false;
    }
    if (m_depth > 1 && !is3D) {
        qWarning("Texture cannot have a depth of %d when it is not 3D", m_depth);
        return false;
    }
    if (m_arraySize > 0 && !isArray) {
        qWarning("Texture cannot have an array size of %d when it is not an array", m_arraySize);
        return false;
    }
    if (m_arraySize < 1 && isArray) {
        qWarning("Texture is an array but array size is %d", m_arraySize);
        return false;
    }
 
    if (adjustedSize)
        *adjustedSize = size;
 
    return true;
}
 
bool QD3D12Texture::finishCreate()
{
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    const bool isDepth = isDepthTextureFormat(m_format);
    const bool isCube = m_flags.testFlag(CubeMap);
    const bool is3D = m_flags.testFlag(ThreeDimensional);
    const bool isArray = m_flags.testFlag(TextureArray);
    const bool is1D = m_flags.testFlag(OneDimensional);
 
    D3D12_SHADER_RESOURCE_VIEW_DESC srvDesc = {};
    srvDesc.Format = isDepth ? toD3DDepthTextureSRVFormat(m_format) : dxgiFormat;
    srvDesc.Shader4ComponentMapping = D3D12_DEFAULT_SHADER_4_COMPONENT_MAPPING;
 
    if (isCube) {
        srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURECUBE;
        srvDesc.TextureCube.MipLevels = mipLevelCount;
    } else {
        if (is1D) {
            if (isArray) {
                srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE1DARRAY;
                srvDesc.Texture1DArray.MipLevels = mipLevelCount;
                if (m_arrayRangeStart >= 0 && m_arrayRangeLength >= 0) {
                    srvDesc.Texture1DArray.FirstArraySlice = UINT(m_arrayRangeStart);
                    srvDesc.Texture1DArray.ArraySize = UINT(m_arrayRangeLength);
                } else {
                    srvDesc.Texture1DArray.FirstArraySlice = 0;
                    srvDesc.Texture1DArray.ArraySize = UINT(qMax(0, m_arraySize));
                }
            } else {
                srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE1D;
                srvDesc.Texture1D.MipLevels = mipLevelCount;
            }
        } else if (isArray) {
            if (sampleDesc.Count > 1) {
                srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMSARRAY;
                if (m_arrayRangeStart >= 0 && m_arrayRangeLength >= 0) {
                    srvDesc.Texture2DMSArray.FirstArraySlice = UINT(m_arrayRangeStart);
                    srvDesc.Texture2DMSArray.ArraySize = UINT(m_arrayRangeLength);
                } else {
                    srvDesc.Texture2DMSArray.FirstArraySlice = 0;
                    srvDesc.Texture2DMSArray.ArraySize = UINT(qMax(0, m_arraySize));
                }
            } else {
                srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DARRAY;
                srvDesc.Texture2DArray.MipLevels = mipLevelCount;
                if (m_arrayRangeStart >= 0 && m_arrayRangeLength >= 0) {
                    srvDesc.Texture2DArray.FirstArraySlice = UINT(m_arrayRangeStart);
                    srvDesc.Texture2DArray.ArraySize = UINT(m_arrayRangeLength);
                } else {
                    srvDesc.Texture2DArray.FirstArraySlice = 0;
                    srvDesc.Texture2DArray.ArraySize = UINT(qMax(0, m_arraySize));
                }
            }
        } else {
            if (sampleDesc.Count > 1) {
                srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMS;
            } else if (is3D) {
                srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE3D;
                srvDesc.Texture3D.MipLevels = mipLevelCount;
            } else {
                srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
                srvDesc.Texture2D.MipLevels = mipLevelCount;
            }
        }
    }
 
    srv = rhiD->cbvSrvUavPool.allocate(1);
    if (!srv.isValid())
        return false;
 
    if (QD3D12Resource *res = rhiD->resourcePool.lookupRef(handle)) {
        rhiD->dev->CreateShaderResourceView(res->resource, &srvDesc, srv.cpuHandle);
        if (!m_objectName.isEmpty()) {
            const QString name = QString::fromUtf8(m_objectName);
            res->resource->SetName(reinterpret_cast<LPCWSTR>(name.utf16()));
        }
    } else {
        return false;
    }
 
    generation += 1;
    return true;
}
 
bool QD3D12Texture::create()
{
    QSize size;
    if (!prepareCreate(&size))
        return false;
 
    const bool isDepth = isDepthTextureFormat(m_format);
    const bool isCube = m_flags.testFlag(CubeMap);
    const bool is3D = m_flags.testFlag(ThreeDimensional);
    const bool isArray = m_flags.testFlag(TextureArray);
    const bool is1D = m_flags.testFlag(OneDimensional);
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
 
    bool needsOptimizedClearValueSpecified = false;
    UINT resourceFlags = 0;
    if (m_flags.testFlag(RenderTarget)) {
        if (isDepth)
            resourceFlags |= D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_ALLOW_DEPTH_STENCIL;
        else
            resourceFlags |= D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_ALLOW_RENDER_TARGET;
        needsOptimizedClearValueSpecified = true;
    }
    if (m_flags.testFlag(UsedWithGenerateMips)) {
        if (isDepth) {
            qWarning("Depth texture cannot have mipmaps generated");
            return false;
        }
        resourceFlags |= D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_ALLOW_UNORDERED_ACCESS;
    }
    if (m_flags.testFlag(UsedWithLoadStore))
        resourceFlags |= D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_ALLOW_UNORDERED_ACCESS;
 
    D3D12_RESOURCE_DESC resourceDesc = {};
    resourceDesc.Dimension = is1D ? D3D12_RESOURCE_DIMENSION_TEXTURE1D
                                  : (is3D ? D3D12_RESOURCE_DIMENSION_TEXTURE3D
                                          : D3D12_RESOURCE_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D);
    resourceDesc.Width = UINT64(size.width());
    resourceDesc.Height = UINT(size.height());
    resourceDesc.DepthOrArraySize = isCube ? 6
                                           : (isArray ? UINT(qMax(0, m_arraySize))
                                                      : (is3D ? qMax(1, m_depth)
                                                              : 1));
    resourceDesc.MipLevels = mipLevelCount;
    resourceDesc.Format = dxgiFormat;
    resourceDesc.SampleDesc = sampleDesc;
    resourceDesc.Layout = D3D12_TEXTURE_LAYOUT_UNKNOWN;
    resourceDesc.Flags = D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAGS(resourceFlags);
    D3D12_CLEAR_VALUE clearValue = {};
    clearValue.Format = dxgiFormat;
    if (isDepth) {
        clearValue.Format = toD3DDepthTextureDSVFormat(m_format);
        clearValue.DepthStencil.Depth = 1.0f;
        clearValue.DepthStencil.Stencil = 0;
    }
    ID3D12Resource *resource = nullptr;
    D3D12MA::Allocation *allocation = nullptr;
    HRESULT hr = rhiD->vma.createResource(D3D12_HEAP_TYPE_DEFAULT,
                                          &resourceDesc,
                                          D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COMMON,
                                          needsOptimizedClearValueSpecified ? &clearValue : nullptr,
                                          &allocation,
                                          __uuidof(ID3D12Resource),
                                          reinterpret_cast<void **>(&resource));
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create texture: '%s'"
                 " Dim was %d Size was %ux%u Depth/ArraySize was %u MipLevels was %u Format was %d Sample count was %d",
                 qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)),
                 int(resourceDesc.Dimension),
                 uint(resourceDesc.Width),
                 uint(resourceDesc.Height),
                 uint(resourceDesc.DepthOrArraySize),
                 uint(resourceDesc.MipLevels),
                 int(resourceDesc.Format),
                 int(resourceDesc.SampleDesc.Count));
        return false;
    }
 
    handle = QD3D12Resource::addToPool(&rhiD->resourcePool, resource, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COMMON, allocation);
 
    if (!finishCreate())
        return false;
 
    rhiD->registerResource(this);
    return true;
}
 
bool QD3D12Texture::createFrom(QRhiTexture::NativeTexture src)
{
    if (!src.object)
        return false;
 
    if (!prepareCreate())
        return false;
 
    ID3D12Resource *resource = reinterpret_cast<ID3D12Resource *>(src.object);
    D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES state = D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES(src.layout);
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    handle = QD3D12Resource::addNonOwningToPool(&rhiD->resourcePool, resource, state);
 
    if (!finishCreate())
        return false;
 
    rhiD->registerResource(this);
    return true;
}
 
QRhiTexture::NativeTexture QD3D12Texture::nativeTexture()
{
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    if (QD3D12Resource *res = rhiD->resourcePool.lookupRef(handle))
        return { quint64(res->resource), int(res->state) };
 
    return {};
}
 
void QD3D12Texture::setNativeLayout(int layout)
{
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    if (QD3D12Resource *res = rhiD->resourcePool.lookupRef(handle))
        res->state = D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES(layout);
}
 
QD3D12Sampler::QD3D12Sampler(QRhiImplementation *rhi, Filter magFilter, Filter minFilter, Filter mipmapMode,
                             AddressMode u, AddressMode v, AddressMode w)
    : QRhiSampler(rhi, magFilter, minFilter, mipmapMode, u, v, w)
{
}
 
QD3D12Sampler::~QD3D12Sampler()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D12Sampler::destroy()
{
    shaderVisibleDescriptor = {};
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    if (rhiD)
        rhiD->unregisterResource(this);
}
 
static inline D3D12_FILTER toD3DFilter(QRhiSampler::Filter minFilter, QRhiSampler::Filter magFilter, QRhiSampler::Filter mipFilter)
{
    if (minFilter == QRhiSampler::Nearest) {
        if (magFilter == QRhiSampler::Nearest) {
            if (mipFilter == QRhiSampler::Linear)
                return D3D12_FILTER_MIN_MAG_POINT_MIP_LINEAR;
            else
                return D3D12_FILTER_MIN_MAG_MIP_POINT;
        } else {
            if (mipFilter == QRhiSampler::Linear)
                return D3D12_FILTER_MIN_POINT_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
            else
                return D3D12_FILTER_MIN_POINT_MAG_LINEAR_MIP_POINT;
        }
    } else {
        if (magFilter == QRhiSampler::Nearest) {
            if (mipFilter == QRhiSampler::Linear)
                return D3D12_FILTER_MIN_LINEAR_MAG_POINT_MIP_LINEAR;
            else
                return D3D12_FILTER_MIN_LINEAR_MAG_MIP_POINT;
        } else {
            if (mipFilter == QRhiSampler::Linear)
                return D3D12_FILTER_MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
            else
                return D3D12_FILTER_MIN_MAG_LINEAR_MIP_POINT;
        }
    }
    Q_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(D3D12_FILTER_MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR);
}
 
static inline D3D12_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_MODE toD3DAddressMode(QRhiSampler::AddressMode m)
{
    switch (m) {
    case QRhiSampler::Repeat:
        return D3D12_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_MODE_WRAP;
    case QRhiSampler::ClampToEdge:
        return D3D12_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP;
    case QRhiSampler::Mirror:
        return D3D12_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_MODE_MIRROR;
    }
    Q_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(D3D12_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP);
}
 
static inline D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC toD3DTextureComparisonFunc(QRhiSampler::CompareOp op)
{
    switch (op) {
    case QRhiSampler::Never:
        return D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_NEVER;
    case QRhiSampler::Less:
        return D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_LESS;
    case QRhiSampler::Equal:
        return D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_EQUAL;
    case QRhiSampler::LessOrEqual:
        return D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_LESS_EQUAL;
    case QRhiSampler::Greater:
        return D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_GREATER;
    case QRhiSampler::NotEqual:
        return D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_NOT_EQUAL;
    case QRhiSampler::GreaterOrEqual:
        return D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_GREATER_EQUAL;
    case QRhiSampler::Always:
        return D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_ALWAYS;
    }
    Q_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_NEVER);
}
 
bool QD3D12Sampler::create()
{
    desc = {};
    desc.Filter = toD3DFilter(m_minFilter, m_magFilter, m_mipmapMode);
    if (m_compareOp != Never)
        desc.Filter = D3D12_FILTER(desc.Filter | 0x80);
    desc.AddressU = toD3DAddressMode(m_addressU);
    desc.AddressV = toD3DAddressMode(m_addressV);
    desc.AddressW = toD3DAddressMode(m_addressW);
    desc.MaxAnisotropy = 1.0f;
    desc.ComparisonFunc = toD3DTextureComparisonFunc(m_compareOp);
    desc.MaxLOD = m_mipmapMode == None ? 0.0f : 10000.0f;
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    rhiD->registerResource(this, false);
    return true;
}
 
QD3D12Descriptor QD3D12Sampler::lookupOrCreateShaderVisibleDescriptor()
{
    if (!shaderVisibleDescriptor.isValid()) {
        QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
        shaderVisibleDescriptor = rhiD->samplerMgr.getShaderVisibleDescriptor(desc);
    }
    return shaderVisibleDescriptor;
}
 
QD3D12TextureRenderTarget::QD3D12TextureRenderTarget(QRhiImplementation *rhi,
                                                     const QRhiTextureRenderTargetDescription &desc,
                                                     Flags flags)
    : QRhiTextureRenderTarget(rhi, desc, flags),
      d(rhi)
{
}
 
QD3D12TextureRenderTarget::~QD3D12TextureRenderTarget()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D12TextureRenderTarget::destroy()
{
    if (!rtv[0].isValid() && !dsv.isValid())
        return;
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    if (dsv.isValid()) {
        if (ownsDsv && rhiD)
            rhiD->releaseQueue.deferredReleaseViews(&rhiD->dsvPool, dsv, 1);
        dsv = {};
    }
 
    for (int i = 0; i < QD3D12RenderTargetData::MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS; ++i) {
        if (rtv[i].isValid()) {
            if (ownsRtv[i] && rhiD)
                rhiD->releaseQueue.deferredReleaseViews(&rhiD->rtvPool, rtv[i], 1);
            rtv[i] = {};
        }
    }
 
    if (rhiD)
        rhiD->unregisterResource(this);
}
 
QRhiRenderPassDescriptor *QD3D12TextureRenderTarget::newCompatibleRenderPassDescriptor()
{
    // not yet built so cannot rely on data computed in create()
 
    QD3D12RenderPassDescriptor *rpD = new QD3D12RenderPassDescriptor(m_rhi);
 
    rpD->colorAttachmentCount = 0;
    for (auto it = m_desc.cbeginColorAttachments(), itEnd = m_desc.cendColorAttachments(); it != itEnd; ++it) {
        QD3D12Texture *texD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Texture, it->texture());
        QD3D12RenderBuffer *rbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12RenderBuffer, it->renderBuffer());
        if (texD)
            rpD->colorFormat[rpD->colorAttachmentCount] = texD->dxgiFormat;
        else if (rbD)
            rpD->colorFormat[rpD->colorAttachmentCount] = rbD->dxgiFormat;
        rpD->colorAttachmentCount += 1;
    }
 
    rpD->hasDepthStencil = false;
    if (m_desc.depthStencilBuffer()) {
        rpD->hasDepthStencil = true;
        rpD->dsFormat = QD3D12RenderBuffer::DS_FORMAT;
    } else if (m_desc.depthTexture()) {
        QD3D12Texture *depthTexD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Texture, m_desc.depthTexture());
        rpD->hasDepthStencil = true;
        rpD->dsFormat = toD3DDepthTextureDSVFormat(depthTexD->format()); // cannot be a typeless format
    }
 
    rpD->updateSerializedFormat();
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    rhiD->registerResource(rpD);
    return rpD;
}
 
bool QD3D12TextureRenderTarget::create()
{
    if (rtv[0].isValid() || dsv.isValid())
        destroy();
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    Q_ASSERT(m_desc.colorAttachmentCount() > 0 || m_desc.depthTexture());
    Q_ASSERT(!m_desc.depthStencilBuffer() || !m_desc.depthTexture());
    const bool hasDepthStencil = m_desc.depthStencilBuffer() || m_desc.depthTexture();
    d.colorAttCount = 0;
    int attIndex = 0;
 
    for (auto it = m_desc.cbeginColorAttachments(), itEnd = m_desc.cendColorAttachments(); it != itEnd; ++it, ++attIndex) {
        d.colorAttCount += 1;
        const QRhiColorAttachment &colorAtt(*it);
        QRhiTexture *texture = colorAtt.texture();
        QRhiRenderBuffer *rb = colorAtt.renderBuffer();
        Q_ASSERT(texture || rb);
        if (texture) {
            QD3D12Texture *texD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Texture, texture);
            QD3D12Resource *res = rhiD->resourcePool.lookupRef(texD->handle);
            if (!res) {
                qWarning("Could not look up texture handle for render target");
                return false;
            }
            const bool isMultiView = it->multiViewCount() >= 2;
            UINT layerCount = isMultiView ? UINT(it->multiViewCount()) : 1;
            D3D12_RENDER_TARGET_VIEW_DESC rtvDesc = {};
            rtvDesc.Format = toD3DTextureFormat(texD->format(), texD->flags());
            if (texD->flags().testFlag(QRhiTexture::CubeMap)) {
                rtvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DARRAY;
                rtvDesc.Texture2DArray.MipSlice = UINT(colorAtt.level());
                rtvDesc.Texture2DArray.FirstArraySlice = UINT(colorAtt.layer());
                rtvDesc.Texture2DArray.ArraySize = layerCount;
            } else if (texD->flags().testFlag(QRhiTexture::OneDimensional)) {
                if (texD->flags().testFlag(QRhiTexture::TextureArray)) {
                    rtvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE1DARRAY;
                    rtvDesc.Texture1DArray.MipSlice = UINT(colorAtt.level());
                    rtvDesc.Texture1DArray.FirstArraySlice = UINT(colorAtt.layer());
                    rtvDesc.Texture1DArray.ArraySize = layerCount;
                } else {
                    rtvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE1D;
                    rtvDesc.Texture1D.MipSlice = UINT(colorAtt.level());
                }
            } else if (texD->flags().testFlag(QRhiTexture::TextureArray)) {
                if (texD->sampleDesc.Count > 1) {
                    rtvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMSARRAY;
                    rtvDesc.Texture2DMSArray.FirstArraySlice = UINT(colorAtt.layer());
                    rtvDesc.Texture2DMSArray.ArraySize = layerCount;
                } else {
                    rtvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DARRAY;
                    rtvDesc.Texture2DArray.MipSlice = UINT(colorAtt.level());
                    rtvDesc.Texture2DArray.FirstArraySlice = UINT(colorAtt.layer());
                    rtvDesc.Texture2DArray.ArraySize = layerCount;
                }
            } else if (texD->flags().testFlag(QRhiTexture::ThreeDimensional)) {
                rtvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE3D;
                rtvDesc.Texture3D.MipSlice = UINT(colorAtt.level());
                rtvDesc.Texture3D.FirstWSlice = UINT(colorAtt.layer());
                rtvDesc.Texture3D.WSize = layerCount;
            } else {
                if (texD->sampleDesc.Count > 1) {
                    rtvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMS;
                } else {
                    rtvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
                    rtvDesc.Texture2D.MipSlice = UINT(colorAtt.level());
                }
            }
            rtv[attIndex] = rhiD->rtvPool.allocate(1);
            if (!rtv[attIndex].isValid()) {
                qWarning("Failed to allocate RTV for texture render target");
                return false;
            }
            rhiD->dev->CreateRenderTargetView(res->resource, &rtvDesc, rtv[attIndex].cpuHandle);
            ownsRtv[attIndex] = true;
            if (attIndex == 0) {
                d.pixelSize = rhiD->q->sizeForMipLevel(colorAtt.level(), texD->pixelSize());
                d.sampleCount = int(texD->sampleDesc.Count);
            }
        } else if (rb) {
            QD3D12RenderBuffer *rbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12RenderBuffer, rb);
            ownsRtv[attIndex] = false;
            rtv[attIndex] = rbD->rtv;
            if (attIndex == 0) {
                d.pixelSize = rbD->pixelSize();
                d.sampleCount = int(rbD->sampleDesc.Count);
            }
        }
    }
 
    d.dpr = 1;
 
    if (hasDepthStencil) {
        if (m_desc.depthTexture()) {
            ownsDsv = true;
            QD3D12Texture *depthTexD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12Texture, m_desc.depthTexture());
            QD3D12Resource *res = rhiD->resourcePool.lookupRef(depthTexD->handle);
            if (!res) {
                qWarning("Could not look up depth texture handle");
                return false;
            }
            D3D12_DEPTH_STENCIL_VIEW_DESC dsvDesc = {};
            dsvDesc.Format = toD3DDepthTextureDSVFormat(depthTexD->format());
            dsvDesc.ViewDimension = depthTexD->sampleDesc.Count > 1 ? D3D12_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMS
                                                                    : D3D12_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
            if (depthTexD->flags().testFlag(QRhiTexture::TextureArray)) {
                if (depthTexD->sampleDesc.Count > 1) {
                    dsvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMSARRAY;
                    if (depthTexD->arrayRangeStart() >= 0 && depthTexD->arrayRangeLength() >= 0) {
                        dsvDesc.Texture2DMSArray.FirstArraySlice = UINT(depthTexD->arrayRangeStart());
                        dsvDesc.Texture2DMSArray.ArraySize = UINT(depthTexD->arrayRangeLength());
                    } else {
                        dsvDesc.Texture2DMSArray.FirstArraySlice = 0;
                        dsvDesc.Texture2DMSArray.ArraySize = UINT(qMax(0, depthTexD->arraySize()));
                    }
                } else {
                    dsvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DARRAY;
                    if (depthTexD->arrayRangeStart() >= 0 && depthTexD->arrayRangeLength() >= 0) {
                        dsvDesc.Texture2DArray.FirstArraySlice = UINT(depthTexD->arrayRangeStart());
                        dsvDesc.Texture2DArray.ArraySize = UINT(depthTexD->arrayRangeLength());
                    } else {
                        dsvDesc.Texture2DArray.FirstArraySlice = 0;
                        dsvDesc.Texture2DArray.ArraySize = UINT(qMax(0, depthTexD->arraySize()));
                    }
                }
            }
            dsv = rhiD->dsvPool.allocate(1);
            if (!dsv.isValid()) {
                qWarning("Failed to allocate DSV for texture render target");
                return false;
            }
            rhiD->dev->CreateDepthStencilView(res->resource, &dsvDesc, dsv.cpuHandle);
            if (d.colorAttCount == 0) {
                d.pixelSize = depthTexD->pixelSize();
                d.sampleCount = int(depthTexD->sampleDesc.Count);
            }
        } else {
            ownsDsv = false;
            QD3D12RenderBuffer *depthRbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12RenderBuffer, m_desc.depthStencilBuffer());
            dsv = depthRbD->dsv;
            if (d.colorAttCount == 0) {
                d.pixelSize = m_desc.depthStencilBuffer()->pixelSize();
                d.sampleCount = int(depthRbD->sampleDesc.Count);
            }
        }
        d.dsAttCount = 1;
    } else {
        d.dsAttCount = 0;
    }
 
    D3D12_CPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE nullDescHandle = { 0 };
    for (int i = 0; i < QD3D12RenderTargetData::MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS; ++i)
        d.rtv[i] = i < d.colorAttCount ? rtv[i].cpuHandle : nullDescHandle;
    d.dsv = dsv.cpuHandle;
    d.rp = QRHI_RES(QD3D12RenderPassDescriptor, m_renderPassDesc);
 
    QRhiRenderTargetAttachmentTracker::updateResIdList<QD3D12Texture, QD3D12RenderBuffer>(m_desc, &d.currentResIdList);
 
    rhiD->registerResource(this);
    return true;
}
 
QSize QD3D12TextureRenderTarget::pixelSize() const
{
    if (!QRhiRenderTargetAttachmentTracker::isUpToDate<QD3D12Texture, QD3D12RenderBuffer>(m_desc, d.currentResIdList))
        const_cast<QD3D12TextureRenderTarget *>(this)->create();
 
    return d.pixelSize;
}
 
float QD3D12TextureRenderTarget::devicePixelRatio() const
{
    return d.dpr;
}
 
int QD3D12TextureRenderTarget::sampleCount() const
{
    return d.sampleCount;
}
 
QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings::QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings(QRhiImplementation *rhi)
    : QRhiShaderResourceBindings(rhi)
{
}
 
QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings::~QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings::destroy()
{
    sortedBindings.clear();
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    if (rhiD)
        rhiD->unregisterResource(this);
}
 
bool QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings::create()
{
    if (!sortedBindings.isEmpty())
        destroy();
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    if (!rhiD->sanityCheckShaderResourceBindings(this))
        return false;
 
    rhiD->updateLayoutDesc(this);
 
    std::copy(m_bindings.cbegin(), m_bindings.cend(), std::back_inserter(sortedBindings));
    std::sort(sortedBindings.begin(), sortedBindings.end(), QRhiImplementation::sortedBindingLessThan);
 
    hasDynamicOffset = false;
    for (const QRhiShaderResourceBinding &b : sortedBindings) {
        const QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Data *bd = QRhiImplementation::shaderResourceBindingData(b);
        if (bd->type == QRhiShaderResourceBinding::UniformBuffer && bd->u.ubuf.hasDynamicOffset) {
            hasDynamicOffset = true;
            break;
        }
    }
 
    // The root signature is not part of the srb. Unintuitive, but the shader
    // translation pipeline ties our hands: as long as the per-shader (so per
    // stage!) nativeResourceBindingMap exist, meaning f.ex. that a SPIR-V
    // combined image sampler binding X passed in here may map to the tY and sY
    // HLSL registers, where Y is known only once the mapping table from the
    // shader is looked up. Creating a root parameters at this stage is
    // therefore impossible.
 
    generation += 1;
    rhiD->registerResource(this, false);
    return true;
}
 
void QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings::updateResources(UpdateFlags flags)
{
    sortedBindings.clear();
    std::copy(m_bindings.cbegin(), m_bindings.cend(), std::back_inserter(sortedBindings));
    if (!flags.testFlag(BindingsAreSorted))
        std::sort(sortedBindings.begin(), sortedBindings.end(), QRhiImplementation::sortedBindingLessThan);
 
    generation += 1;
}
 
// Accessing the QRhiBuffer/Texture/Sampler resources must be avoided in the
// callbacks; that would only be possible if the srb had those specified, and
// that's not required at the time of srb and pipeline create() time, and
// createRootSignature is called from the pipeline create().
 
void QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings::visitUniformBuffer(QD3D12Stage s,
                                                      const QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Data::UniformBufferData &,
                                                      int shaderRegister,
                                                      int)
{
    D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER1 rootParam = {};
    rootParam.ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_CBV;
    rootParam.ShaderVisibility = qd3d12_stageToVisibility(s);
    rootParam.Descriptor.ShaderRegister = shaderRegister;
    visitorData.cbParams[s].append(rootParam);
}
 
void QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings::visitTexture(QD3D12Stage s,
                                                const QRhiShaderResourceBinding::TextureAndSampler &,
                                                int shaderRegister)
{
    D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE1 range = {};
    range.RangeType = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_TYPE_SRV;
    range.NumDescriptors = 1;
    range.BaseShaderRegister = shaderRegister;
    range.OffsetInDescriptorsFromTableStart = visitorData.currentSrvRangeOffset[s];
    visitorData.currentSrvRangeOffset[s] += 1;
    visitorData.srvRanges[s].append(range);
    if (visitorData.srvRanges[s].count() == 1) {
        visitorData.srvTables[s].ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_TABLE;
        visitorData.srvTables[s].ShaderVisibility = qd3d12_stageToVisibility(s);
    }
}
 
void QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings::visitSampler(QD3D12Stage s,
                                                const QRhiShaderResourceBinding::TextureAndSampler &,
                                                int shaderRegister)
{
    // Unlike SRVs and UAVs, samplers are handled so that each sampler becomes
    // a root parameter with its own descriptor table.
 
    int &rangeStoreIdx(visitorData.samplerRangeHeads[s]);
    if (rangeStoreIdx == 16) {
        qWarning("Sampler count in QD3D12Stage %d exceeds the limit of 16, this is disallowed by QRhi", s);
        return;
    }
    D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE1 range = {};
    range.RangeType = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_TYPE_SAMPLER;
    range.NumDescriptors = 1;
    range.BaseShaderRegister = shaderRegister;
    visitorData.samplerRanges[s][rangeStoreIdx] = range;
    D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER1 param = {};
    param.ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_TABLE;
    param.ShaderVisibility = qd3d12_stageToVisibility(s);
    param.DescriptorTable.NumDescriptorRanges = 1;
    param.DescriptorTable.pDescriptorRanges = &visitorData.samplerRanges[s][rangeStoreIdx];
    rangeStoreIdx += 1;
    visitorData.samplerTables[s].append(param);
}
 
void QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings::visitStorageBuffer(QD3D12Stage s,
                                                      const QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Data::StorageBufferData &,
                                                      QD3D12ShaderResourceVisitor::StorageOp,
                                                      int shaderRegister)
{
    D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE1 range = {};
    range.RangeType = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_TYPE_UAV;
    range.NumDescriptors = 1;
    range.BaseShaderRegister = shaderRegister;
    range.OffsetInDescriptorsFromTableStart = visitorData.currentUavRangeOffset[s];
    visitorData.currentUavRangeOffset[s] += 1;
    visitorData.uavRanges[s].append(range);
    if (visitorData.uavRanges[s].count() == 1) {
        visitorData.uavTables[s].ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_TABLE;
        visitorData.uavTables[s].ShaderVisibility = qd3d12_stageToVisibility(s);
    }
}
 
void QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings::visitStorageImage(QD3D12Stage s,
                                                     const QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Data::StorageImageData &,
                                                     QD3D12ShaderResourceVisitor::StorageOp,
                                                     int shaderRegister)
{
    D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE1 range = {};
    range.RangeType = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_TYPE_UAV;
    range.NumDescriptors = 1;
    range.BaseShaderRegister = shaderRegister;
    range.OffsetInDescriptorsFromTableStart = visitorData.currentUavRangeOffset[s];
    visitorData.currentUavRangeOffset[s] += 1;
    visitorData.uavRanges[s].append(range);
    if (visitorData.uavRanges[s].count() == 1) {
        visitorData.uavTables[s].ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_TABLE;
        visitorData.uavTables[s].ShaderVisibility = qd3d12_stageToVisibility(s);
    }
}
 
QD3D12ObjectHandle QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings::createRootSignature(const QD3D12ShaderStageData *stageData,
                                                                     int stageCount)
{
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
 
    // It's not just that the root signature has to be tied to the pipeline
    // (cannot just freely create it like e.g. with Vulkan where one just
    // creates a descriptor layout 1:1 with the QRhiShaderResourceBindings'
    // data), due to not knowing the shader-specific resource binding mapping
    // tables at the point of srb creation, but each shader stage may have a
    // different mapping table. (ugh!)
    //
    // Hence we set up everything per-stage, even if it means the root
    // signature gets unnecessarily big. (note that the magic is in the
    // ShaderVisibility: even though the register range is the same in the
    // descriptor tables, the visibility is different)
 
    QD3D12ShaderResourceVisitor visitor(this, stageData, stageCount);
 
    visitorData = {};
 
    using namespace std::placeholders;
    visitor.uniformBuffer = std::bind(&QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings::visitUniformBuffer, this, _1, _2, _3, _4);
    visitor.texture = std::bind(&QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings::visitTexture, this, _1, _2, _3);
    visitor.sampler = std::bind(&QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings::visitSampler, this, _1, _2, _3);
    visitor.storageBuffer = std::bind(&QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings::visitStorageBuffer, this, _1, _2, _3, _4);
    visitor.storageImage = std::bind(&QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings::visitStorageImage, this, _1, _2, _3, _4);
 
    visitor.visit();
 
    // The maximum size of a root signature is 256 bytes, where a descriptor
    // table is 4, a root descriptor (e.g. CBV) is 8. We have 5 stages at most
    // (or 1 with compute) and a separate descriptor table for SRVs (->
    // textures) and UAVs (-> storage buffers and images) per stage, plus each
    // uniform buffer counts as a CBV in the stages it is visible.
    //
    // Due to the limited maximum size of a shader-visible sampler heap (2048)
    // and the potential costly switching of descriptor heaps, each sampler is
    // declared as a separate root parameter / descriptor table (meaning that
    // two samplers in the same stage are two parameters and two tables, not
    // just one). QRhi documents a hard limit of 16 on texture/sampler bindings
    // in a shader (matching D3D11), so we can hopefully get away with this.
    //
    // This means that e.g. a vertex+fragment shader with a uniform buffer
    // visible in both and one texture+sampler in the fragment shader would
    // consume 2*8 + 4 + 4 = 24 bytes. This also implies that clients
    // specifying the minimal stage bit mask for each entry in
    // QRhiShaderResourceBindings are ideal for this backend since it helps
    // reducing the chance of hitting the size limit.
 
    QVarLengthArray<D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER1, 4> rootParams;
    for (int s = 0; s < 6; ++s) {
        if (!visitorData.cbParams[s].isEmpty())
            rootParams.append(visitorData.cbParams[s].constData(), visitorData.cbParams[s].count());
    }
    for (int s = 0; s < 6; ++s) {
        if (!visitorData.srvRanges[s].isEmpty()) {
            visitorData.srvTables[s].DescriptorTable.NumDescriptorRanges = visitorData.srvRanges[s].count();
            visitorData.srvTables[s].DescriptorTable.pDescriptorRanges = visitorData.srvRanges[s].constData();
            rootParams.append(visitorData.srvTables[s]);
        }
    }
    for (int s = 0; s < 6; ++s) {
        if (!visitorData.samplerTables[s].isEmpty())
            rootParams.append(visitorData.samplerTables[s].constData(), visitorData.samplerTables[s].count());
    }
    for (int s = 0; s < 6; ++s) {
        if (!visitorData.uavRanges[s].isEmpty()) {
            visitorData.uavTables[s].DescriptorTable.NumDescriptorRanges = visitorData.uavRanges[s].count();
            visitorData.uavTables[s].DescriptorTable.pDescriptorRanges = visitorData.uavRanges[s].constData();
            rootParams.append(visitorData.uavTables[s]);
        }
    }
 
    D3D12_VERSIONED_ROOT_SIGNATURE_DESC rsDesc = {};
    rsDesc.Version = D3D_ROOT_SIGNATURE_VERSION_1_1;
    if (!rootParams.isEmpty()) {
        rsDesc.Desc_1_1.NumParameters = rootParams.count();
        rsDesc.Desc_1_1.pParameters = rootParams.constData();
    }
 
    UINT rsFlags = 0;
    for (int stageIdx = 0; stageIdx < stageCount; ++stageIdx) {
        if (stageData[stageIdx].valid && stageData[stageIdx].stage == VS)
            rsFlags |= D3D12_ROOT_SIGNATURE_FLAG_ALLOW_INPUT_ASSEMBLER_INPUT_LAYOUT;
    }
    rsDesc.Desc_1_1.Flags = D3D12_ROOT_SIGNATURE_FLAGS(rsFlags);
 
    ID3DBlob *signature = nullptr;
    HRESULT hr = D3D12SerializeVersionedRootSignature(&rsDesc, &signature, nullptr);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to serialize root signature: %s", qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return {};
    }
    ID3D12RootSignature *rootSig = nullptr;
    hr = rhiD->dev->CreateRootSignature(0,
                                        signature->GetBufferPointer(),
                                        signature->GetBufferSize(),
                                        __uuidof(ID3D12RootSignature),
                                        reinterpret_cast<void **>(&rootSig));
    signature->Release();
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create root signature: %s", qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return {};
    }
 
    return QD3D12RootSignature::addToPool(&rhiD->rootSignaturePool, rootSig);
}
 
// For shader model < 6.0 we do the same as the D3D11 backend: use the old
// compiler (D3DCompile) to generate DXBC, just as qsb does (when -c is passed)
// by invoking fxc, not dxc. For SM >= 6.0 we have to use the new compiler and
// work with DXIL. And that involves IDxcCompiler and needs the presence of
// dxcompiler.dll and dxil.dll at runtime. Plus there's a chance we have
// ancient SDK headers when not using MSVC. So this is heavily optional,
// meaning support for dxc can be disabled both at build time (no dxcapi.h) and
// at run time (no DLLs).
 
static inline void makeHlslTargetString(char target[7], const char stage[3], int version)
{
    const int smMajor = version / 10;
    const int smMinor = version % 10;
    target[0] = stage[0];
    target[1] = stage[1];
    target[2] = '_';
    target[3] = '0' + smMajor;
    target[4] = '_';
    target[5] = '0' + smMinor;
    target[6] = '\0';
}
 
enum class HlslCompileFlag
{
    WithDebugInfo = 0x01
};
 
static QByteArray legacyCompile(const QShaderCode &hlslSource, const char *target, int flags, QString *error)
{
    static const pD3DCompile d3dCompile = QRhiD3D::resolveD3DCompile();
    if (!d3dCompile) {
        qWarning("Unable to resolve function D3DCompile()");
        return QByteArray();
    }
 
    ID3DBlob *bytecode = nullptr;
    ID3DBlob *errors = nullptr;
    UINT d3dCompileFlags = 0;
    if (flags & int(HlslCompileFlag::WithDebugInfo))
        d3dCompileFlags |= D3DCOMPILE_DEBUG;
 
    HRESULT hr = d3dCompile(hlslSource.shader().constData(), SIZE_T(hlslSource.shader().size()),
                            nullptr, nullptr, nullptr,
                            hlslSource.entryPoint().constData(), target, d3dCompileFlags, 0, &bytecode, &errors);
    if (FAILED(hr) || !bytecode) {
        qWarning("HLSL shader compilation failed: 0x%x", uint(hr));
        if (errors) {
            *error = QString::fromUtf8(static_cast<const char *>(errors->GetBufferPointer()),
                                       int(errors->GetBufferSize()));
            errors->Release();
        }
        return QByteArray();
    }
 
    QByteArray result;
    result.resize(int(bytecode->GetBufferSize()));
    memcpy(result.data(), bytecode->GetBufferPointer(), size_t(result.size()));
    bytecode->Release();
    return result;
}
 
#ifdef QRHI_D3D12_HAS_DXC
 
#ifndef DXC_CP_UTF8
#define DXC_CP_UTF8 65001
#endif
 
#ifndef DXC_ARG_DEBUG
#define DXC_ARG_DEBUG L"-Zi"
#endif
 
static QByteArray dxcCompile(const QShaderCode &hlslSource, const char *target, int flags, QString *error)
{
    static std::pair<IDxcCompiler *, IDxcLibrary *> dxc = QRhiD3D::createDxcCompiler();
    IDxcCompiler *compiler = dxc.first;
    if (!compiler) {
        qWarning("Unable to instantiate IDxcCompiler. Likely no dxcompiler.dll and dxil.dll present. "
                 "Bundling these are out of scope for Qt. Try https://github.com/microsoft/DirectXShaderCompiler/releases");
        return QByteArray();
    }
    IDxcLibrary *library = dxc.second;
    if (!library)
        return QByteArray();
 
    IDxcBlobEncoding *sourceBlob = nullptr;
    HRESULT hr = library->CreateBlobWithEncodingOnHeapCopy(hlslSource.shader().constData(),
                                                           UINT32(hlslSource.shader().size()),
                                                           DXC_CP_UTF8,
                                                           &sourceBlob);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create source blob for dxc: 0x%x (%s)",
                 uint(hr),
                 qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return QByteArray();
    }
 
    const QString entryPointStr = QString::fromLatin1(hlslSource.entryPoint());
    const QString targetStr = QString::fromLatin1(target);
 
    QVarLengthArray<LPCWSTR, 4> argPtrs;
    QString debugArg;
    if (flags & int(HlslCompileFlag::WithDebugInfo)) {
        debugArg = QString::fromUtf16(reinterpret_cast<const char16_t *>(DXC_ARG_DEBUG));
        argPtrs.append(reinterpret_cast<LPCWSTR>(debugArg.utf16()));
    }
 
    IDxcOperationResult *result = nullptr;
    hr = compiler->Compile(sourceBlob,
                           nullptr,
                           reinterpret_cast<LPCWSTR>(entryPointStr.utf16()),
                           reinterpret_cast<LPCWSTR>(targetStr.utf16()),
                           argPtrs.data(), argPtrs.count(),
                           nullptr, 0,
                           nullptr,
                           &result);
    sourceBlob->Release();
    if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
        result->GetStatus(&hr);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("HLSL shader compilation failed: 0x%x (%s)",
                 uint(hr),
                 qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        if (result) {
            IDxcBlobEncoding *errorsBlob = nullptr;
            if (SUCCEEDED(result->GetErrorBuffer(&errorsBlob))) {
                if (errorsBlob) {
                    *error = QString::fromUtf8(static_cast<const char *>(errorsBlob->GetBufferPointer()),
                                               int(errorsBlob->GetBufferSize()));
                    errorsBlob->Release();
                }
            }
        }
        return QByteArray();
    }
 
    IDxcBlob *bytecode = nullptr;
    if FAILED(result->GetResult(&bytecode)) {
        qWarning("No result from IDxcCompiler: 0x%x (%s)",
                 uint(hr),
                 qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return QByteArray();
    }
 
    QByteArray ba;
    ba.resize(int(bytecode->GetBufferSize()));
    memcpy(ba.data(), bytecode->GetBufferPointer(), size_t(ba.size()));
    bytecode->Release();
    return ba;
}
 
#endif // QRHI_D3D12_HAS_DXC
 
static QByteArray compileHlslShaderSource(const QShader &shader,
                                          QShader::Variant shaderVariant,
                                          int flags,
                                          QString *error,
                                          QShaderKey *usedShaderKey)
{
    // look for SM 6.7, 6.6, .., 5.0
    const int shaderModelMax = 67;
    for (int sm = shaderModelMax; sm >= 50; --sm) {
        for (QShader::Source type : { QShader::DxilShader, QShader::DxbcShader }) {
            QShaderKey key = { type, sm, shaderVariant };
            QShaderCode intermediateBytecodeShader = shader.shader(key);
            if (!intermediateBytecodeShader.shader().isEmpty()) {
                if (usedShaderKey)
                    *usedShaderKey = key;
                return intermediateBytecodeShader.shader();
            }
        }
    }
 
    QShaderCode hlslSource;
    QShaderKey key;
    for (int sm = shaderModelMax; sm >= 50; --sm) {
        key = { QShader::HlslShader, sm, shaderVariant };
        hlslSource = shader.shader(key);
        if (!hlslSource.shader().isEmpty())
            break;
    }
 
    if (hlslSource.shader().isEmpty()) {
        qWarning() << "No HLSL (shader model 6.7..5.0) code found in baked shader" << shader;
        return QByteArray();
    }
 
    if (usedShaderKey)
        *usedShaderKey = key;
 
    char target[7];
    switch (shader.stage()) {
    case QShader::VertexStage:
        makeHlslTargetString(target, "vs", key.sourceVersion().version());
        break;
    case QShader::TessellationControlStage:
        makeHlslTargetString(target, "hs", key.sourceVersion().version());
        break;
    case QShader::TessellationEvaluationStage:
        makeHlslTargetString(target, "ds", key.sourceVersion().version());
        break;
    case QShader::GeometryStage:
        makeHlslTargetString(target, "gs", key.sourceVersion().version());
        break;
    case QShader::FragmentStage:
        makeHlslTargetString(target, "ps", key.sourceVersion().version());
        break;
    case QShader::ComputeStage:
        makeHlslTargetString(target, "cs", key.sourceVersion().version());
        break;
    }
 
    if (key.sourceVersion().version() >= 60) {
#ifdef QRHI_D3D12_HAS_DXC
        return dxcCompile(hlslSource, target, flags, error);
#else
        qWarning("Attempted to runtime-compile HLSL source code for shader model >= 6.0 "
                 "but the Qt build has no support for DXC. "
                 "Rebuild Qt with a recent Windows SDK or switch to an MSVC build.");
#endif
    }
 
    return legacyCompile(hlslSource, target, flags, error);
}
 
static inline UINT8 toD3DColorWriteMask(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::ColorMask c)
{
    UINT8 f = 0;
    if (c.testFlag(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::R))
        f |= D3D12_COLOR_WRITE_ENABLE_RED;
    if (c.testFlag(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::G))
        f |= D3D12_COLOR_WRITE_ENABLE_GREEN;
    if (c.testFlag(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::B))
        f |= D3D12_COLOR_WRITE_ENABLE_BLUE;
    if (c.testFlag(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::A))
        f |= D3D12_COLOR_WRITE_ENABLE_ALPHA;
    return f;
}
 
static inline D3D12_BLEND toD3DBlendFactor(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::BlendFactor f, bool rgb)
{
    // SrcBlendAlpha and DstBlendAlpha do not accept *_COLOR. With other APIs
    // this is handled internally (so that e.g. VK_BLEND_FACTOR_SRC_COLOR is
    // accepted and is in effect equivalent to VK_BLEND_FACTOR_SRC_ALPHA when
    // set as an alpha src/dest factor), but for D3D we have to take care of it
    // ourselves. Hence the rgb argument.
 
    switch (f) {
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Zero:
        return D3D12_BLEND_ZERO;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::One:
        return D3D12_BLEND_ONE;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::SrcColor:
        return rgb ? D3D12_BLEND_SRC_COLOR : D3D12_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::OneMinusSrcColor:
        return rgb ? D3D12_BLEND_INV_SRC_COLOR : D3D12_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::DstColor:
        return rgb ? D3D12_BLEND_DEST_COLOR : D3D12_BLEND_DEST_ALPHA;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::OneMinusDstColor:
        return rgb ? D3D12_BLEND_INV_DEST_COLOR : D3D12_BLEND_INV_DEST_ALPHA;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::SrcAlpha:
        return D3D12_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::OneMinusSrcAlpha:
        return D3D12_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::DstAlpha:
        return D3D12_BLEND_DEST_ALPHA;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::OneMinusDstAlpha:
        return D3D12_BLEND_INV_DEST_ALPHA;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::ConstantColor:
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::ConstantAlpha:
        return D3D12_BLEND_BLEND_FACTOR;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::OneMinusConstantColor:
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::OneMinusConstantAlpha:
        return D3D12_BLEND_INV_BLEND_FACTOR;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::SrcAlphaSaturate:
        return D3D12_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA_SAT;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Src1Color:
        return rgb ? D3D12_BLEND_SRC1_COLOR : D3D12_BLEND_SRC1_ALPHA;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::OneMinusSrc1Color:
        return rgb ? D3D12_BLEND_INV_SRC1_COLOR : D3D12_BLEND_INV_SRC1_ALPHA;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Src1Alpha:
        return D3D12_BLEND_SRC1_ALPHA;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::OneMinusSrc1Alpha:
        return D3D12_BLEND_INV_SRC1_ALPHA;
    }
    Q_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(D3D12_BLEND_ZERO);
}
 
static inline D3D12_BLEND_OP toD3DBlendOp(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::BlendOp op)
{
    switch (op) {
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Add:
        return D3D12_BLEND_OP_ADD;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Subtract:
        return D3D12_BLEND_OP_SUBTRACT;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::ReverseSubtract:
        return D3D12_BLEND_OP_REV_SUBTRACT;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Min:
        return D3D12_BLEND_OP_MIN;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Max:
        return D3D12_BLEND_OP_MAX;
    }
    Q_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(D3D12_BLEND_OP_ADD);
}
 
static inline D3D12_CULL_MODE toD3DCullMode(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::CullMode c)
{
    switch (c) {
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::None:
        return D3D12_CULL_MODE_NONE;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Front:
        return D3D12_CULL_MODE_FRONT;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Back:
        return D3D12_CULL_MODE_BACK;
    }
    Q_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(D3D12_CULL_MODE_NONE);
}
 
static inline D3D12_FILL_MODE toD3DFillMode(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::PolygonMode mode)
{
    switch (mode) {
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Fill:
        return D3D12_FILL_MODE_SOLID;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Line:
        return D3D12_FILL_MODE_WIREFRAME;
    }
    Q_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(D3D12_FILL_MODE_SOLID);
}
 
static inline D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC toD3DCompareOp(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::CompareOp op)
{
    switch (op) {
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Never:
        return D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_NEVER;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Less:
        return D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_LESS;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Equal:
        return D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_EQUAL;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::LessOrEqual:
        return D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_LESS_EQUAL;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Greater:
        return D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_GREATER;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::NotEqual:
        return D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_NOT_EQUAL;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::GreaterOrEqual:
        return D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_GREATER_EQUAL;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Always:
        return D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_ALWAYS;
    }
    Q_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_ALWAYS);
}
 
static inline D3D12_STENCIL_OP toD3DStencilOp(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::StencilOp op)
{
    switch (op) {
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::StencilZero:
        return D3D12_STENCIL_OP_ZERO;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Keep:
        return D3D12_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Replace:
        return D3D12_STENCIL_OP_REPLACE;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::IncrementAndClamp:
        return D3D12_STENCIL_OP_INCR_SAT;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::DecrementAndClamp:
        return D3D12_STENCIL_OP_DECR_SAT;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Invert:
        return D3D12_STENCIL_OP_INVERT;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::IncrementAndWrap:
        return D3D12_STENCIL_OP_INCR;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::DecrementAndWrap:
        return D3D12_STENCIL_OP_DECR;
    }
    Q_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(D3D12_STENCIL_OP_KEEP);
}
 
static inline D3D12_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY toD3DTopology(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Topology t, int patchControlPointCount)
{
    switch (t) {
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Triangles:
        return D3D_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::TriangleStrip:
        return D3D_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLESTRIP;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::TriangleFan:
        qWarning("Triangle fans are not supported with D3D");
        return D3D_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLESTRIP;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Lines:
        return D3D_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_LINELIST;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::LineStrip:
        return D3D_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_LINESTRIP;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Points:
        return D3D_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_POINTLIST;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Patches:
        Q_ASSERT(patchControlPointCount >= 1 && patchControlPointCount <= 32);
        return D3D_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY(D3D_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_1_CONTROL_POINT_PATCHLIST + (patchControlPointCount - 1));
    }
    Q_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(D3D_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST);
}
 
static inline D3D12_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TYPE toD3DTopologyType(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Topology t)
{
    switch (t) {
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Triangles:
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::TriangleStrip:
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::TriangleFan:
        return D3D12_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TYPE_TRIANGLE;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Lines:
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::LineStrip:
        return D3D12_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TYPE_LINE;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Points:
        return D3D12_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TYPE_POINT;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Patches:
        return D3D12_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TYPE_PATCH;
    }
    Q_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(D3D12_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TYPE_TRIANGLE);
}
 
static inline DXGI_FORMAT toD3DAttributeFormat(QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Format format)
{
    switch (format) {
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Float4:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Float3:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Float2:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_FLOAT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Float:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32_FLOAT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::UNormByte4:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::UNormByte2:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_UNORM;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::UNormByte:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R8_UNORM;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::UInt4:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_UINT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::UInt3:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_UINT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::UInt2:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_UINT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::UInt:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT;
     case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::SInt4:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SINT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::SInt3:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SINT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::SInt2:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_SINT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::SInt:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32_SINT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Half4:
    // Note: D3D does not support half3.  Pass through half3 as half4.
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Half3:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Half2:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_FLOAT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Half:
         return DXGI_FORMAT_R16_FLOAT;
    }
    Q_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT);
}
 
QD3D12GraphicsPipeline::QD3D12GraphicsPipeline(QRhiImplementation *rhi)
    : QRhiGraphicsPipeline(rhi)
{
}
 
QD3D12GraphicsPipeline::~QD3D12GraphicsPipeline()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D12GraphicsPipeline::destroy()
{
    if (handle.isNull())
        return;
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    if (rhiD) {
        rhiD->releaseQueue.deferredReleasePipeline(handle);
        rhiD->releaseQueue.deferredReleaseRootSignature(rootSigHandle);
    }
 
    handle = {};
    stageData = {};
 
    if (rhiD)
        rhiD->unregisterResource(this);
}
 
bool QD3D12GraphicsPipeline::create()
{
    if (!handle.isNull())
        destroy();
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    if (!rhiD->sanityCheckGraphicsPipeline(this))
        return false;
 
    rhiD->pipelineCreationStart();
 
    QByteArray shaderBytecode[5];
    for (const QRhiShaderStage &shaderStage : std::as_const(m_shaderStages)) {
        const QD3D12Stage d3dStage = qd3d12_stage(shaderStage.type());
        stageData[d3dStage].valid = true;
        stageData[d3dStage].stage = d3dStage;
        auto cacheIt = rhiD->shaderBytecodeCache.data.constFind(shaderStage);
        if (cacheIt != rhiD->shaderBytecodeCache.data.constEnd()) {
            shaderBytecode[d3dStage] = cacheIt->bytecode;
            stageData[d3dStage].nativeResourceBindingMap = cacheIt->nativeResourceBindingMap;
        } else {
            QString error;
            QShaderKey shaderKey;
            int compileFlags = 0;
            if (m_flags.testFlag(CompileShadersWithDebugInfo))
                compileFlags |= int(HlslCompileFlag::WithDebugInfo);
            const QByteArray bytecode = compileHlslShaderSource(shaderStage.shader(),
                                                                shaderStage.shaderVariant(),
                                                                compileFlags,
                                                                &error,
                                                                &shaderKey);
            if (bytecode.isEmpty()) {
                qWarning("HLSL graphics shader compilation failed: %s", qPrintable(error));
                return false;
            }
 
            shaderBytecode[d3dStage] = bytecode;
            stageData[d3dStage].nativeResourceBindingMap = shaderStage.shader().nativeResourceBindingMap(shaderKey);
            rhiD->shaderBytecodeCache.insertWithCapacityLimit(shaderStage,
                                                              { bytecode, stageData[d3dStage].nativeResourceBindingMap });
        }
    }
 
    QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings *srbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings, m_shaderResourceBindings);
    if (srbD) {
        rootSigHandle = srbD->createRootSignature(stageData.data(), 5);
        if (rootSigHandle.isNull()) {
            qWarning("Failed to create root signature");
            return false;
        }
    }
    ID3D12RootSignature *rootSig = nullptr;
    if (QD3D12RootSignature *rs = rhiD->rootSignaturePool.lookupRef(rootSigHandle))
        rootSig = rs->rootSig;
    if (!rootSig) {
        qWarning("Cannot create graphics pipeline state without root signature");
        return false;
    }
 
    QD3D12RenderPassDescriptor *rpD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12RenderPassDescriptor, m_renderPassDesc);
    const DXGI_SAMPLE_DESC sampleDesc = rhiD->effectiveSampleCount(m_sampleCount, DXGI_FORMAT(rpD->colorFormat[0]));
 
    struct {
        QD3D12PipelineStateSubObject<ID3D12RootSignature *, D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_SUBOBJECT_TYPE_ROOT_SIGNATURE> rootSig;
        QD3D12PipelineStateSubObject<D3D12_INPUT_LAYOUT_DESC, D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_SUBOBJECT_TYPE_INPUT_LAYOUT> inputLayout;
        QD3D12PipelineStateSubObject<D3D12_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TYPE, D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_SUBOBJECT_TYPE_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY> primitiveTopology;
        QD3D12PipelineStateSubObject<D3D12_SHADER_BYTECODE, D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_SUBOBJECT_TYPE_VS> VS;
        QD3D12PipelineStateSubObject<D3D12_SHADER_BYTECODE, D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_SUBOBJECT_TYPE_HS> HS;
        QD3D12PipelineStateSubObject<D3D12_SHADER_BYTECODE, D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_SUBOBJECT_TYPE_DS> DS;
        QD3D12PipelineStateSubObject<D3D12_SHADER_BYTECODE, D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_SUBOBJECT_TYPE_GS> GS;
        QD3D12PipelineStateSubObject<D3D12_SHADER_BYTECODE, D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_SUBOBJECT_TYPE_PS> PS;
        QD3D12PipelineStateSubObject<D3D12_RASTERIZER_DESC, D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_SUBOBJECT_TYPE_RASTERIZER> rasterizerState;
        QD3D12PipelineStateSubObject<D3D12_DEPTH_STENCIL_DESC, D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_SUBOBJECT_TYPE_DEPTH_STENCIL> depthStencilState;
        QD3D12PipelineStateSubObject<D3D12_BLEND_DESC, D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_SUBOBJECT_TYPE_BLEND> blendState;
        QD3D12PipelineStateSubObject<D3D12_RT_FORMAT_ARRAY, D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_SUBOBJECT_TYPE_RENDER_TARGET_FORMATS> rtFormats;
        QD3D12PipelineStateSubObject<DXGI_FORMAT, D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_SUBOBJECT_TYPE_DEPTH_STENCIL_FORMAT> dsFormat;
        QD3D12PipelineStateSubObject<DXGI_SAMPLE_DESC, D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_SUBOBJECT_TYPE_SAMPLE_DESC> sampleDesc;
        QD3D12PipelineStateSubObject<UINT, D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_SUBOBJECT_TYPE_SAMPLE_MASK> sampleMask;
        QD3D12PipelineStateSubObject<D3D12_VIEW_INSTANCING_DESC, D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_SUBOBJECT_TYPE_VIEW_INSTANCING> viewInstancingDesc;
    } stream;
 
    stream.rootSig.object = rootSig;
 
    QVarLengthArray<D3D12_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC, 4> inputDescs;
    QByteArrayList matrixSliceSemantics;
    if (!shaderBytecode[VS].isEmpty()) {
        for (auto it = m_vertexInputLayout.cbeginAttributes(), itEnd = m_vertexInputLayout.cendAttributes();
             it != itEnd; ++it)
        {
            D3D12_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC desc = {};
            // The output from SPIRV-Cross uses TEXCOORD<location> as the
            // semantic, except for matrices that are unrolled into consecutive
            // vec2/3/4s attributes and need TEXCOORD<location>_ as
            // SemanticName and row/column index as SemanticIndex.
            const int matrixSlice = it->matrixSlice();
            if (matrixSlice < 0) {
                desc.SemanticName = "TEXCOORD";
                desc.SemanticIndex = UINT(it->location());
            } else {
                QByteArray sem;
                sem.resize(16);
                qsnprintf(sem.data(), sem.size(), "TEXCOORD%d_", it->location() - matrixSlice);
                matrixSliceSemantics.append(sem);
                desc.SemanticName = matrixSliceSemantics.last().constData();
                desc.SemanticIndex = UINT(matrixSlice);
            }
            desc.Format = toD3DAttributeFormat(it->format());
            desc.InputSlot = UINT(it->binding());
            desc.AlignedByteOffset = it->offset();
            const QRhiVertexInputBinding *inputBinding = m_vertexInputLayout.bindingAt(it->binding());
            if (inputBinding->classification() == QRhiVertexInputBinding::PerInstance) {
                desc.InputSlotClass = D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION_PER_INSTANCE_DATA;
                desc.InstanceDataStepRate = inputBinding->instanceStepRate();
            } else {
                desc.InputSlotClass = D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION_PER_VERTEX_DATA;
            }
            inputDescs.append(desc);
        }
    }
 
    stream.inputLayout.object.NumElements = inputDescs.count();
    stream.inputLayout.object.pInputElementDescs = inputDescs.isEmpty() ? nullptr : inputDescs.constData();
 
    stream.primitiveTopology.object = toD3DTopologyType(m_topology);
    topology = toD3DTopology(m_topology, m_patchControlPointCount);
 
    for (const QRhiShaderStage &shaderStage : std::as_const(m_shaderStages)) {
        const int d3dStage = qd3d12_stage(shaderStage.type());
        switch (d3dStage) {
        case VS:
            stream.VS.object.pShaderBytecode = shaderBytecode[d3dStage].constData();
            stream.VS.object.BytecodeLength = shaderBytecode[d3dStage].size();
            break;
        case HS:
            stream.HS.object.pShaderBytecode = shaderBytecode[d3dStage].constData();
            stream.HS.object.BytecodeLength = shaderBytecode[d3dStage].size();
            break;
        case DS:
            stream.DS.object.pShaderBytecode = shaderBytecode[d3dStage].constData();
            stream.DS.object.BytecodeLength = shaderBytecode[d3dStage].size();
            break;
        case GS:
            stream.GS.object.pShaderBytecode = shaderBytecode[d3dStage].constData();
            stream.GS.object.BytecodeLength = shaderBytecode[d3dStage].size();
            break;
        case PS:
            stream.PS.object.pShaderBytecode = shaderBytecode[d3dStage].constData();
            stream.PS.object.BytecodeLength = shaderBytecode[d3dStage].size();
            break;
        default:
            Q_UNREACHABLE();
            break;
        }
    }
 
    stream.rasterizerState.object.FillMode = toD3DFillMode(m_polygonMode);
    stream.rasterizerState.object.CullMode = toD3DCullMode(m_cullMode);
    stream.rasterizerState.object.FrontCounterClockwise = m_frontFace == CCW;
    stream.rasterizerState.object.DepthBias = m_depthBias;
    stream.rasterizerState.object.SlopeScaledDepthBias = m_slopeScaledDepthBias;
    stream.rasterizerState.object.DepthClipEnable = TRUE;
    stream.rasterizerState.object.MultisampleEnable = sampleDesc.Count > 1;
 
    stream.depthStencilState.object.DepthEnable = m_depthTest;
    stream.depthStencilState.object.DepthWriteMask = m_depthWrite ? D3D12_DEPTH_WRITE_MASK_ALL : D3D12_DEPTH_WRITE_MASK_ZERO;
    stream.depthStencilState.object.DepthFunc = toD3DCompareOp(m_depthOp);
    stream.depthStencilState.object.StencilEnable = m_stencilTest;
    if (m_stencilTest) {
        stream.depthStencilState.object.StencilReadMask = UINT8(m_stencilReadMask);
        stream.depthStencilState.object.StencilWriteMask = UINT8(m_stencilWriteMask);
        stream.depthStencilState.object.FrontFace.StencilFailOp = toD3DStencilOp(m_stencilFront.failOp);
        stream.depthStencilState.object.FrontFace.StencilDepthFailOp = toD3DStencilOp(m_stencilFront.depthFailOp);
        stream.depthStencilState.object.FrontFace.StencilPassOp = toD3DStencilOp(m_stencilFront.passOp);
        stream.depthStencilState.object.FrontFace.StencilFunc = toD3DCompareOp(m_stencilFront.compareOp);
        stream.depthStencilState.object.BackFace.StencilFailOp = toD3DStencilOp(m_stencilBack.failOp);
        stream.depthStencilState.object.BackFace.StencilDepthFailOp = toD3DStencilOp(m_stencilBack.depthFailOp);
        stream.depthStencilState.object.BackFace.StencilPassOp = toD3DStencilOp(m_stencilBack.passOp);
        stream.depthStencilState.object.BackFace.StencilFunc = toD3DCompareOp(m_stencilBack.compareOp);
    }
 
    stream.blendState.object.IndependentBlendEnable = m_targetBlends.count() > 1;
    for (int i = 0, ie = m_targetBlends.count(); i != ie; ++i) {
        const QRhiGraphicsPipeline::TargetBlend &b(m_targetBlends[i]);
        D3D12_RENDER_TARGET_BLEND_DESC blend = {};
        blend.BlendEnable = b.enable;
        blend.SrcBlend = toD3DBlendFactor(b.srcColor, true);
        blend.DestBlend = toD3DBlendFactor(b.dstColor, true);
        blend.BlendOp = toD3DBlendOp(b.opColor);
        blend.SrcBlendAlpha = toD3DBlendFactor(b.srcAlpha, false);
        blend.DestBlendAlpha = toD3DBlendFactor(b.dstAlpha, false);
        blend.BlendOpAlpha = toD3DBlendOp(b.opAlpha);
        blend.RenderTargetWriteMask = toD3DColorWriteMask(b.colorWrite);
        stream.blendState.object.RenderTarget[i] = blend;
    }
    if (m_targetBlends.isEmpty()) {
        D3D12_RENDER_TARGET_BLEND_DESC blend = {};
        blend.RenderTargetWriteMask = D3D12_COLOR_WRITE_ENABLE_ALL;
        stream.blendState.object.RenderTarget[0] = blend;
    }
 
    stream.rtFormats.object.NumRenderTargets = rpD->colorAttachmentCount;
    for (int i = 0; i < rpD->colorAttachmentCount; ++i)
        stream.rtFormats.object.RTFormats[i] = DXGI_FORMAT(rpD->colorFormat[i]);
 
    stream.dsFormat.object = rpD->hasDepthStencil ? DXGI_FORMAT(rpD->dsFormat) : DXGI_FORMAT_UNKNOWN;
 
    stream.sampleDesc.object = sampleDesc;
 
    stream.sampleMask.object = 0xFFFFFFFF;
 
    viewInstanceMask = 0;
    const bool isMultiView = m_multiViewCount >= 2;
    stream.viewInstancingDesc.object.ViewInstanceCount = isMultiView ? m_multiViewCount : 0;
    QVarLengthArray<D3D12_VIEW_INSTANCE_LOCATION, 4> viewInstanceLocations;
    if (isMultiView) {
        for (int i = 0; i < m_multiViewCount; ++i) {
            viewInstanceMask |= (1 << i);
            viewInstanceLocations.append({ 0, UINT(i) });
        }
        stream.viewInstancingDesc.object.pViewInstanceLocations = viewInstanceLocations.constData();
    }
 
    const D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_STREAM_DESC streamDesc = { sizeof(stream), &stream };
 
    ID3D12PipelineState *pso = nullptr;
    HRESULT hr = rhiD->dev->CreatePipelineState(&streamDesc, __uuidof(ID3D12PipelineState), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&pso));
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create graphics pipeline state: %s",
                 qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        rhiD->rootSignaturePool.remove(rootSigHandle);
        rootSigHandle = {};
        return false;
    }
 
    handle = QD3D12Pipeline::addToPool(&rhiD->pipelinePool, QD3D12Pipeline::Graphics, pso);
 
    rhiD->pipelineCreationEnd();
    generation += 1;
    rhiD->registerResource(this);
    return true;
}
 
QD3D12ComputePipeline::QD3D12ComputePipeline(QRhiImplementation *rhi)
    : QRhiComputePipeline(rhi)
{
}
 
QD3D12ComputePipeline::~QD3D12ComputePipeline()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D12ComputePipeline::destroy()
{
    if (handle.isNull())
        return;
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    if (rhiD) {
        rhiD->releaseQueue.deferredReleasePipeline(handle);
        rhiD->releaseQueue.deferredReleaseRootSignature(rootSigHandle);
    }
 
    handle = {};
    stageData = {};
 
    if (rhiD)
        rhiD->unregisterResource(this);
}
 
bool QD3D12ComputePipeline::create()
{
    if (!handle.isNull())
        destroy();
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    rhiD->pipelineCreationStart();
 
    stageData.valid = true;
    stageData.stage = CS;
 
    QByteArray shaderBytecode;
    auto cacheIt = rhiD->shaderBytecodeCache.data.constFind(m_shaderStage);
    if (cacheIt != rhiD->shaderBytecodeCache.data.constEnd()) {
        shaderBytecode = cacheIt->bytecode;
        stageData.nativeResourceBindingMap = cacheIt->nativeResourceBindingMap;
    } else {
        QString error;
        QShaderKey shaderKey;
        int compileFlags = 0;
        if (m_flags.testFlag(CompileShadersWithDebugInfo))
            compileFlags |= int(HlslCompileFlag::WithDebugInfo);
        const QByteArray bytecode = compileHlslShaderSource(m_shaderStage.shader(),
                                                            m_shaderStage.shaderVariant(),
                                                            compileFlags,
                                                            &error,
                                                            &shaderKey);
        if (bytecode.isEmpty()) {
            qWarning("HLSL compute shader compilation failed: %s", qPrintable(error));
            return false;
        }
 
        shaderBytecode = bytecode;
        stageData.nativeResourceBindingMap = m_shaderStage.shader().nativeResourceBindingMap(shaderKey);
        rhiD->shaderBytecodeCache.insertWithCapacityLimit(m_shaderStage, { bytecode,
                                                                           stageData.nativeResourceBindingMap });
    }
 
    QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings *srbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12ShaderResourceBindings, m_shaderResourceBindings);
    if (srbD) {
        rootSigHandle = srbD->createRootSignature(&stageData, 1);
        if (rootSigHandle.isNull()) {
            qWarning("Failed to create root signature");
            return false;
        }
    }
    ID3D12RootSignature *rootSig = nullptr;
    if (QD3D12RootSignature *rs = rhiD->rootSignaturePool.lookupRef(rootSigHandle))
        rootSig = rs->rootSig;
    if (!rootSig) {
        qWarning("Cannot create compute pipeline state without root signature");
        return false;
    }
 
    struct {
        QD3D12PipelineStateSubObject<ID3D12RootSignature *, D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_SUBOBJECT_TYPE_ROOT_SIGNATURE> rootSig;
        QD3D12PipelineStateSubObject<D3D12_SHADER_BYTECODE, D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_SUBOBJECT_TYPE_CS> CS;
    } stream;
    stream.rootSig.object = rootSig;
    stream.CS.object.pShaderBytecode = shaderBytecode.constData();
    stream.CS.object.BytecodeLength = shaderBytecode.size();
    const D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_STREAM_DESC streamDesc = { sizeof(stream), &stream };
    ID3D12PipelineState *pso = nullptr;
    HRESULT hr = rhiD->dev->CreatePipelineState(&streamDesc, __uuidof(ID3D12PipelineState), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&pso));
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create compute pipeline state: %s",
                 qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        rhiD->rootSignaturePool.remove(rootSigHandle);
        rootSigHandle = {};
        return false;
    }
 
    handle = QD3D12Pipeline::addToPool(&rhiD->pipelinePool, QD3D12Pipeline::Compute, pso);
 
    rhiD->pipelineCreationEnd();
    generation += 1;
    rhiD->registerResource(this);
    return true;
}
 
// This is a lot like in the Metal backend: we need to now the rtv and dsv
// formats to create a graphics pipeline, and that's exactly what our
// "renderpass descriptor" is going to hold.
QD3D12RenderPassDescriptor::QD3D12RenderPassDescriptor(QRhiImplementation *rhi)
    : QRhiRenderPassDescriptor(rhi)
{
    serializedFormatData.reserve(16);
}
 
QD3D12RenderPassDescriptor::~QD3D12RenderPassDescriptor()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D12RenderPassDescriptor::destroy()
{
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    if (rhiD)
        rhiD->unregisterResource(this);
}
 
bool QD3D12RenderPassDescriptor::isCompatible(const QRhiRenderPassDescriptor *other) const
{
    if (!other)
        return false;
 
    const QD3D12RenderPassDescriptor *o = QRHI_RES(const QD3D12RenderPassDescriptor, other);
 
    if (colorAttachmentCount != o->colorAttachmentCount)
        return false;
 
    if (hasDepthStencil != o->hasDepthStencil)
         return false;
 
    for (int i = 0; i < colorAttachmentCount; ++i) {
        if (colorFormat[i] != o->colorFormat[i])
            return false;
    }
 
    if (hasDepthStencil) {
        if (dsFormat != o->dsFormat)
            return false;
    }
 
    return true;
}
 
void QD3D12RenderPassDescriptor::updateSerializedFormat()
{
    serializedFormatData.clear();
    auto p = std::back_inserter(serializedFormatData);
 
    *p++ = colorAttachmentCount;
    *p++ = hasDepthStencil;
    for (int i = 0; i < colorAttachmentCount; ++i)
      *p++ = colorFormat[i];
    *p++ = hasDepthStencil ? dsFormat : 0;
}
 
QRhiRenderPassDescriptor *QD3D12RenderPassDescriptor::newCompatibleRenderPassDescriptor() const
{
    QD3D12RenderPassDescriptor *rpD = new QD3D12RenderPassDescriptor(m_rhi);
    rpD->colorAttachmentCount = colorAttachmentCount;
    rpD->hasDepthStencil = hasDepthStencil;
    memcpy(rpD->colorFormat, colorFormat, sizeof(colorFormat));
    rpD->dsFormat = dsFormat;
 
    rpD->updateSerializedFormat();
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    rhiD->registerResource(rpD);
    return rpD;
}
 
QVector<quint32> QD3D12RenderPassDescriptor::serializedFormat() const
{
    return serializedFormatData;
}
 
QD3D12CommandBuffer::QD3D12CommandBuffer(QRhiImplementation *rhi)
    : QRhiCommandBuffer(rhi)
{
    resetState();
}
 
QD3D12CommandBuffer::~QD3D12CommandBuffer()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D12CommandBuffer::destroy()
{
    // nothing to do here, the command list is not owned by us
}
 
const QRhiNativeHandles *QD3D12CommandBuffer::nativeHandles()
{
    nativeHandlesStruct.commandList = cmdList;
    return &nativeHandlesStruct;
}
 
QD3D12SwapChainRenderTarget::QD3D12SwapChainRenderTarget(QRhiImplementation *rhi, QRhiSwapChain *swapchain)
    : QRhiSwapChainRenderTarget(rhi, swapchain),
      d(rhi)
{
}
 
QD3D12SwapChainRenderTarget::~QD3D12SwapChainRenderTarget()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D12SwapChainRenderTarget::destroy()
{
    // nothing to do here
}
 
QSize QD3D12SwapChainRenderTarget::pixelSize() const
{
    return d.pixelSize;
}
 
float QD3D12SwapChainRenderTarget::devicePixelRatio() const
{
    return d.dpr;
}
 
int QD3D12SwapChainRenderTarget::sampleCount() const
{
    return d.sampleCount;
}
 
QD3D12SwapChain::QD3D12SwapChain(QRhiImplementation *rhi)
    : QRhiSwapChain(rhi),
      rtWrapper(rhi, this),
      cbWrapper(rhi)
{
}
 
QD3D12SwapChain::~QD3D12SwapChain()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D12SwapChain::destroy()
{
    if (!swapChain)
        return;
 
    releaseBuffers();
 
    swapChain->Release();
    swapChain = nullptr;
    sourceSwapChain1->Release();
    sourceSwapChain1 = nullptr;
 
    for (int i = 0; i < QD3D12_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; ++i) {
        FrameResources &fr(frameRes[i]);
        if (fr.fence)
            fr.fence->Release();
        if (fr.fenceEvent)
            CloseHandle(fr.fenceEvent);
        if (fr.cmdList)
            fr.cmdList->Release();
        fr = {};
    }
 
    if (dcompVisual) {
        dcompVisual->Release();
        dcompVisual = nullptr;
    }
 
    if (dcompTarget) {
        dcompTarget->Release();
        dcompTarget = nullptr;
    }
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    if (rhiD) {
        rhiD->swapchains.remove(this);
        rhiD->unregisterResource(this);
    }
}
 
void QD3D12SwapChain::releaseBuffers()
{
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    rhiD->waitGpu();
    for (UINT i = 0; i < BUFFER_COUNT; ++i) {
        rhiD->resourcePool.remove(colorBuffers[i]);
        rhiD->rtvPool.release(rtvs[i], 1);
        if (!msaaBuffers[i].isNull())
            rhiD->resourcePool.remove(msaaBuffers[i]);
        if (msaaRtvs[i].isValid())
            rhiD->rtvPool.release(msaaRtvs[i], 1);
    }
}
 
void QD3D12SwapChain::waitCommandCompletionForFrameSlot(int frameSlot)
{
    FrameResources &fr(frameRes[frameSlot]);
    if (fr.fence->GetCompletedValue() < fr.fenceCounter) {
        fr.fence->SetEventOnCompletion(fr.fenceCounter, fr.fenceEvent);
        WaitForSingleObject(fr.fenceEvent, INFINITE);
    }
}
 
void QD3D12SwapChain::addCommandCompletionSignalForCurrentFrameSlot()
{
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    FrameResources &fr(frameRes[currentFrameSlot]);
    fr.fenceCounter += 1u;
    rhiD->cmdQueue->Signal(fr.fence, fr.fenceCounter);
}
 
QRhiCommandBuffer *QD3D12SwapChain::currentFrameCommandBuffer()
{
    return &cbWrapper;
}
 
QRhiRenderTarget *QD3D12SwapChain::currentFrameRenderTarget()
{
    return &rtWrapper;
}
 
QSize QD3D12SwapChain::surfacePixelSize()
{
    Q_ASSERT(m_window);
    return m_window->size() * m_window->devicePixelRatio();
}
 
static bool output6ForWindow(QWindow *w, IDXGIAdapter1 *adapter, IDXGIOutput6 **result)
{
    bool ok = false;
    QRect wr = w->geometry();
    wr = QRect(wr.topLeft() * w->devicePixelRatio(), wr.size() * w->devicePixelRatio());
    const QPoint center = wr.center();
    IDXGIOutput *currentOutput = nullptr;
    IDXGIOutput *output = nullptr;
    for (UINT i = 0; adapter->EnumOutputs(i, &output) != DXGI_ERROR_NOT_FOUND; ++i) {
        DXGI_OUTPUT_DESC desc;
        output->GetDesc(&desc);
        const RECT r = desc.DesktopCoordinates;
        const QRect dr(QPoint(r.left, r.top), QPoint(r.right - 1, r.bottom - 1));
        if (dr.contains(center)) {
            currentOutput = output;
            break;
        } else {
            output->Release();
        }
    }
    if (currentOutput) {
        ok = SUCCEEDED(currentOutput->QueryInterface(__uuidof(IDXGIOutput6), reinterpret_cast<void **>(result)));
        currentOutput->Release();
    }
    return ok;
}
 
static bool outputDesc1ForWindow(QWindow *w, IDXGIAdapter1 *adapter, DXGI_OUTPUT_DESC1 *result)
{
    bool ok = false;
    IDXGIOutput6 *out6 = nullptr;
    if (output6ForWindow(w, adapter, &out6)) {
        ok = SUCCEEDED(out6->GetDesc1(result));
        out6->Release();
    }
    return ok;
}
 
bool QD3D12SwapChain::isFormatSupported(Format f)
{
    if (f == SDR)
        return true;
 
    if (!m_window) {
        qWarning("Attempted to call isFormatSupported() without a window set");
        return false;
    }
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    DXGI_OUTPUT_DESC1 desc1;
    if (outputDesc1ForWindow(m_window, rhiD->activeAdapter, &desc1)) {
        if (desc1.ColorSpace == DXGI_COLOR_SPACE_RGB_FULL_G2084_NONE_P2020)
            return f == QRhiSwapChain::HDRExtendedSrgbLinear || f == QRhiSwapChain::HDR10;
    }
 
    return false;
}
 
QRhiSwapChainHdrInfo QD3D12SwapChain::hdrInfo()
{
    QRhiSwapChainHdrInfo info = QRhiSwapChain::hdrInfo();
    if (m_window) {
        QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
        DXGI_OUTPUT_DESC1 hdrOutputDesc;
        if (outputDesc1ForWindow(m_window, rhiD->activeAdapter, &hdrOutputDesc)) {
            info.isHardCodedDefaults = false;
            info.limitsType = QRhiSwapChainHdrInfo::LuminanceInNits;
            info.limits.luminanceInNits.minLuminance = hdrOutputDesc.MinLuminance;
            info.limits.luminanceInNits.maxLuminance = hdrOutputDesc.MaxLuminance;
        }
    }
    return info;
}
 
QRhiRenderPassDescriptor *QD3D12SwapChain::newCompatibleRenderPassDescriptor()
{
    // not yet built so cannot rely on data computed in createOrResize()
    chooseFormats();
 
    QD3D12RenderPassDescriptor *rpD = new QD3D12RenderPassDescriptor(m_rhi);
    rpD->colorAttachmentCount = 1;
    rpD->hasDepthStencil = m_depthStencil != nullptr;
    rpD->colorFormat[0] = int(srgbAdjustedColorFormat);
    rpD->dsFormat = QD3D12RenderBuffer::DS_FORMAT;
    rpD->updateSerializedFormat();
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    rhiD->registerResource(rpD);
    return rpD;
}
 
bool QRhiD3D12::ensureDirectCompositionDevice()
{
    if (dcompDevice)
        return true;
 
    qCDebug(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "Creating Direct Composition device (needed for semi-transparent windows)");
    dcompDevice = QRhiD3D::createDirectCompositionDevice();
    return dcompDevice ? true : false;
}
 
static const DXGI_FORMAT DEFAULT_FORMAT = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
static const DXGI_FORMAT DEFAULT_SRGB_FORMAT = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM_SRGB;
 
void QD3D12SwapChain::chooseFormats()
{
    colorFormat = DEFAULT_FORMAT;
    srgbAdjustedColorFormat = m_flags.testFlag(sRGB) ? DEFAULT_SRGB_FORMAT : DEFAULT_FORMAT;
    hdrColorSpace = DXGI_COLOR_SPACE_RGB_FULL_G22_NONE_P709; // SDR
    DXGI_OUTPUT_DESC1 hdrOutputDesc;
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
    if (outputDesc1ForWindow(m_window, rhiD->activeAdapter, &hdrOutputDesc) && m_format != SDR) {
        // https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/direct3darticles/high-dynamic-range
        if (hdrOutputDesc.ColorSpace == DXGI_COLOR_SPACE_RGB_FULL_G2084_NONE_P2020) {
            switch (m_format) {
            case HDRExtendedSrgbLinear:
                colorFormat = DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT;
                hdrColorSpace = DXGI_COLOR_SPACE_RGB_FULL_G10_NONE_P709;
                srgbAdjustedColorFormat = colorFormat;
                break;
            case HDR10:
                colorFormat = DXGI_FORMAT_R10G10B10A2_UNORM;
                hdrColorSpace = DXGI_COLOR_SPACE_RGB_FULL_G2084_NONE_P2020;
                srgbAdjustedColorFormat = colorFormat;
                break;
            default:
                break;
            }
        } else {
            // This happens also when Use HDR is set to Off in the Windows
            // Display settings. Show a helpful warning, but continue with the
            // default non-HDR format.
            qWarning("The output associated with the window is not HDR capable "
                     "(or Use HDR is Off in the Display Settings), ignoring HDR format request");
        }
    }
    sampleDesc = rhiD->effectiveSampleCount(m_sampleCount, colorFormat);
}
 
bool QD3D12SwapChain::createOrResize()
{
    // Can be called multiple times due to window resizes - that is not the
    // same as a simple destroy+create (as with other resources). Just need to
    // resize the buffers then.
 
    const bool needsRegistration = !window || window != m_window;
 
    // except if the window actually changes
    if (window && window != m_window)
        destroy();
 
    window = m_window;
    m_currentPixelSize = surfacePixelSize();
    pixelSize = m_currentPixelSize;
 
    if (pixelSize.isEmpty())
        return false;
 
    HWND hwnd = reinterpret_cast<HWND>(window->winId());
    HRESULT hr;
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D12);
 
    if (m_flags.testFlag(SurfaceHasPreMulAlpha) || m_flags.testFlag(SurfaceHasNonPreMulAlpha)) {
        if (rhiD->ensureDirectCompositionDevice()) {
            if (!dcompTarget) {
                hr = rhiD->dcompDevice->CreateTargetForHwnd(hwnd, true, &dcompTarget);
                if (FAILED(hr)) {
                    qWarning("Failed to create Direct Compsition target for the window: %s",
                             qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                }
            }
            if (dcompTarget && !dcompVisual) {
                hr = rhiD->dcompDevice->CreateVisual(&dcompVisual);
                if (FAILED(hr)) {
                    qWarning("Failed to create DirectComposition visual: %s",
                             qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                }
            }
        }
        // simple consistency check
        if (window->requestedFormat().alphaBufferSize() <= 0)
            qWarning("Swapchain says surface has alpha but the window has no alphaBufferSize set. "
                     "This may lead to problems.");
    }
 
    swapInterval = m_flags.testFlag(QRhiSwapChain::NoVSync) ? 0 : 1;
    swapChainFlags = 0;
    if (swapInterval == 0 && rhiD->supportsAllowTearing)
        swapChainFlags |= DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_FLAG_ALLOW_TEARING;
 
    if (!swapChain) {
        chooseFormats();
 
        DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC1 desc = {};
        desc.Width = UINT(pixelSize.width());
        desc.Height = UINT(pixelSize.height());
        desc.Format = colorFormat;
        desc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
        desc.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;
        desc.BufferCount = BUFFER_COUNT;
        desc.Flags = swapChainFlags;
        desc.Scaling = DXGI_SCALING_NONE;
        desc.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_FLIP_DISCARD;
 
        if (dcompVisual) {
            // With DirectComposition setting AlphaMode to STRAIGHT fails the
            // swapchain creation, whereas the result seems to be identical
            // with any of the other values, including IGNORE. (?)
            desc.AlphaMode = DXGI_ALPHA_MODE_PREMULTIPLIED;
 
            // DirectComposition has its own limitations, cannot use
            // SCALING_NONE. So with semi-transparency requested we are forced
            // to SCALING_STRETCH.
            desc.Scaling = DXGI_SCALING_STRETCH;
        }
 
        if (dcompVisual)
            hr = rhiD->dxgiFactory->CreateSwapChainForComposition(rhiD->cmdQueue, &desc, nullptr, &sourceSwapChain1);
        else
            hr = rhiD->dxgiFactory->CreateSwapChainForHwnd(rhiD->cmdQueue, hwnd, &desc, nullptr, nullptr, &sourceSwapChain1);
 
        // If failed and we tried a HDR format, then try with SDR. This
        // matches other backends, such as Vulkan where if the format is
        // not supported, the default one is used instead.
        if (FAILED(hr) && m_format != SDR) {
            colorFormat = DEFAULT_FORMAT;
            desc.Format = DEFAULT_FORMAT;
            if (dcompVisual)
                hr = rhiD->dxgiFactory->CreateSwapChainForComposition(rhiD->cmdQueue, &desc, nullptr, &sourceSwapChain1);
            else
                hr = rhiD->dxgiFactory->CreateSwapChainForHwnd(rhiD->cmdQueue, hwnd, &desc, nullptr, nullptr, &sourceSwapChain1);
        }
 
        if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
            if (FAILED(sourceSwapChain1->QueryInterface(__uuidof(IDXGISwapChain3), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&swapChain)))) {
                qWarning("IDXGISwapChain3 not available");
                return false;
            }
            if (m_format != SDR) {
                hr = swapChain->SetColorSpace1(hdrColorSpace);
                if (FAILED(hr)) {
                    qWarning("Failed to set color space on swapchain: %s",
                             qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                }
            }
            if (dcompVisual) {
                hr = dcompVisual->SetContent(swapChain);
                if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
                    hr = dcompTarget->SetRoot(dcompVisual);
                    if (FAILED(hr)) {
                        qWarning("Failed to associate Direct Composition visual with the target: %s",
                                 qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                    }
                } else {
                    qWarning("Failed to set content for Direct Composition visual: %s",
                             qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                }
            } else {
                // disable Alt+Enter; not relevant when using DirectComposition
                rhiD->dxgiFactory->MakeWindowAssociation(hwnd, DXGI_MWA_NO_WINDOW_CHANGES);
            }
        }
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to create D3D12 swapchain: %s", qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return false;
        }
 
        for (int i = 0; i < QD3D12_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; ++i) {
            hr = rhiD->dev->CreateFence(0,
                                        D3D12_FENCE_FLAG_NONE,
                                        __uuidof(ID3D12Fence),
                                        reinterpret_cast<void **>(&frameRes[i].fence));
            if (FAILED(hr)) {
                qWarning("Failed to create fence for swapchain: %s",
                         qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                return false;
            }
            frameRes[i].fenceEvent = CreateEvent(nullptr, FALSE, FALSE, nullptr);
 
            frameRes[i].fenceCounter = 0;
        }
    } else {
        releaseBuffers();
        hr = swapChain->ResizeBuffers(BUFFER_COUNT,
                                      UINT(pixelSize.width()),
                                      UINT(pixelSize.height()),
                                      colorFormat,
                                      swapChainFlags);
        if (hr == DXGI_ERROR_DEVICE_REMOVED || hr == DXGI_ERROR_DEVICE_RESET) {
            qWarning("Device loss detected in ResizeBuffers()");
            rhiD->deviceLost = true;
            return false;
        } else if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to resize D3D12 swapchain: %s", qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return false;
        }
    }
 
    for (UINT i = 0; i < BUFFER_COUNT; ++i) {
        ID3D12Resource *colorBuffer;
        hr = swapChain->GetBuffer(i, __uuidof(ID3D12Resource), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&colorBuffer));
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to get buffer %u for D3D12 swapchain: %s",
                     i, qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return false;
        }
        colorBuffers[i] = QD3D12Resource::addToPool(&rhiD->resourcePool, colorBuffer, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_PRESENT);
        rtvs[i] = rhiD->rtvPool.allocate(1);
        D3D12_RENDER_TARGET_VIEW_DESC rtvDesc = {};
        rtvDesc.Format = srgbAdjustedColorFormat;
        rtvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
        rhiD->dev->CreateRenderTargetView(colorBuffer, &rtvDesc, rtvs[i].cpuHandle);
    }
 
    if (m_depthStencil && m_depthStencil->sampleCount() != m_sampleCount) {
        qWarning("Depth-stencil buffer's sampleCount (%d) does not match color buffers' sample count (%d). Expect problems.",
                 m_depthStencil->sampleCount(), m_sampleCount);
    }
    if (m_depthStencil && m_depthStencil->pixelSize() != pixelSize) {
        if (m_depthStencil->flags().testFlag(QRhiRenderBuffer::UsedWithSwapChainOnly)) {
            m_depthStencil->setPixelSize(pixelSize);
            if (!m_depthStencil->create())
                qWarning("Failed to rebuild swapchain's associated depth-stencil buffer for size %dx%d",
                         pixelSize.width(), pixelSize.height());
        } else {
            qWarning("Depth-stencil buffer's size (%dx%d) does not match the surface size (%dx%d). Expect problems.",
                     m_depthStencil->pixelSize().width(), m_depthStencil->pixelSize().height(),
                     pixelSize.width(), pixelSize.height());
        }
    }
 
    ds = m_depthStencil ? QRHI_RES(QD3D12RenderBuffer, m_depthStencil) : nullptr;
 
    if (sampleDesc.Count > 1) {
        for (UINT i = 0; i < BUFFER_COUNT; ++i) {
            D3D12_RESOURCE_DESC resourceDesc = {};
            resourceDesc.Dimension = D3D12_RESOURCE_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
            resourceDesc.Width = UINT64(pixelSize.width());
            resourceDesc.Height = UINT(pixelSize.height());
            resourceDesc.DepthOrArraySize = 1;
            resourceDesc.MipLevels = 1;
            resourceDesc.Format = srgbAdjustedColorFormat;
            resourceDesc.SampleDesc = sampleDesc;
            resourceDesc.Layout = D3D12_TEXTURE_LAYOUT_UNKNOWN;
            resourceDesc.Flags = D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_ALLOW_RENDER_TARGET;
            D3D12_CLEAR_VALUE clearValue = {};
            clearValue.Format = colorFormat;
            ID3D12Resource *resource = nullptr;
            D3D12MA::Allocation *allocation = nullptr;
            HRESULT hr = rhiD->vma.createResource(D3D12_HEAP_TYPE_DEFAULT,
                                                  &resourceDesc,
                                                  D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RENDER_TARGET,
                                                  &clearValue,
                                                  &allocation,
                                                  __uuidof(ID3D12Resource),
                                                  reinterpret_cast<void **>(&resource));
            if (FAILED(hr)) {
                qWarning("Failed to create MSAA color buffer: %s", qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                return false;
            }
            msaaBuffers[i] = QD3D12Resource::addToPool(&rhiD->resourcePool, resource, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RENDER_TARGET, allocation);
            msaaRtvs[i] = rhiD->rtvPool.allocate(1);
            if (!msaaRtvs[i].isValid())
                return false;
            D3D12_RENDER_TARGET_VIEW_DESC rtvDesc = {};
            rtvDesc.Format = srgbAdjustedColorFormat;
            rtvDesc.ViewDimension = sampleDesc.Count > 1 ? D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMS
                                                         : D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
            rhiD->dev->CreateRenderTargetView(resource, &rtvDesc, msaaRtvs[i].cpuHandle);
        }
    }
 
    currentBackBufferIndex = swapChain->GetCurrentBackBufferIndex();
    currentFrameSlot = 0;
 
    rtWrapper.setRenderPassDescriptor(m_renderPassDesc); // for the public getter in QRhiRenderTarget
    QD3D12SwapChainRenderTarget *rtD = QRHI_RES(QD3D12SwapChainRenderTarget, &rtWrapper);
    rtD->d.rp = QRHI_RES(QD3D12RenderPassDescriptor, m_renderPassDesc);
    rtD->d.pixelSize = pixelSize;
    rtD->d.dpr = float(window->devicePixelRatio());
    rtD->d.sampleCount = int(sampleDesc.Count);
    rtD->d.colorAttCount = 1;
    rtD->d.dsAttCount = m_depthStencil ? 1 : 0;
 
    if (needsRegistration) {
        rhiD->swapchains.insert(this);
        rhiD->registerResource(this);
    }
 
    return true;
}
 
QT_END_NAMESPACE
 
#endif // __ID3D12Device2_INTERFACE_DEFINED__