androidjniaccessibility.cpp

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// Copyright (C) 2021 The Qt Company Ltd.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: LicenseRef-Qt-Commercial OR LGPL-3.0-only OR GPL-2.0-only OR GPL-3.0-only
 
#include "androiddeadlockprotector.h"
#include "androidjniaccessibility.h"
#include "androidjnimain.h"
#include "qandroidplatformintegration.h"
#include "qpa/qplatformaccessibility.h"
#include <QtGui/private/qaccessiblebridgeutils_p.h>
#include "qguiapplication.h"
#include "qwindow.h"
#include "qrect.h"
#include "QtGui/qaccessible.h"
#include <QtCore/qmath.h>
#include <QtCore/private/qjnihelpers_p.h>
#include <QtCore/QJniObject>
#include <QtGui/private/qhighdpiscaling_p.h>
#include <QtCore/QObject>
#include <QtCore/qvarlengtharray.h>
 
static const char m_qtTag[] = "Qt A11Y";
static const char m_classErrorMsg[] = "Can't find class \"%s\"";
 
QT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 
using namespace Qt::StringLiterals;
 
namespace QtAndroidAccessibility
{
    static jmethodID m_addActionMethodID = 0;
    static jmethodID m_setCheckableMethodID = 0;
    static jmethodID m_setCheckedMethodID = 0;
    static jmethodID m_setClickableMethodID = 0;
    static jmethodID m_setContentDescriptionMethodID = 0;
    static jmethodID m_setEditableMethodID = 0;
    static jmethodID m_setEnabledMethodID = 0;
    static jmethodID m_setFocusableMethodID = 0;
    static jmethodID m_setFocusedMethodID = 0;
    static jmethodID m_setHeadingMethodID = 0;
    static jmethodID m_setScrollableMethodID = 0;
    static jmethodID m_setTextSelectionMethodID = 0;
    static jmethodID m_setVisibleToUserMethodID = 0;
 
    static bool m_accessibilityActivated = false;
 
    // This object is needed to schedule the execution of the code that
    // deals with accessibility instances to the Qt main thread.
    // Because of that almost every method here is split into two parts.
    // The _helper part is executed in the context of m_accessibilityContext
    // on the main thread. The other part is executed in Java thread.
    static QPointer<QObject> m_accessibilityContext = nullptr;
 
    // This method is called from the Qt main thread, and normally a
    // QGuiApplication instance will be used as a parent.
    void createAccessibilityContextObject(QObject *parent)
    {
        if (m_accessibilityContext)
            m_accessibilityContext->deleteLater();
        m_accessibilityContext = new QObject(parent);
    }
 
    template <typename Func, typename Ret>
    void runInObjectContext(QObject *context, Func &&func, Ret *retVal)
    {
        AndroidDeadlockProtector protector;
        if (!protector.acquire()) {
            __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_WARN, m_qtTag,
                                "Could not run accessibility call in object context, accessing "
                                "main thread could lead to deadlock");
            return;
        }
 
        if (!QtAndroid::blockEventLoopsWhenSuspended()
            || QGuiApplication::applicationState() != Qt::ApplicationSuspended) {
            QMetaObject::invokeMethod(context, func, Qt::BlockingQueuedConnection, retVal);
        } else {
            __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_WARN, m_qtTag,
                                "Could not run accessibility call in object context, event loop suspended.");
        }
    }
 
    void initialize()
    {
        QJniObject::callStaticMethod<void>(QtAndroid::applicationClass(),
                                           "initializeAccessibility");
    }
 
    bool isActive()
    {
        return m_accessibilityActivated;
    }
 
    static void setActive(JNIEnv */*env*/, jobject /*thiz*/, jboolean active)
    {
        QMutexLocker lock(QtAndroid::platformInterfaceMutex());
        QAndroidPlatformIntegration *platformIntegration = QtAndroid::androidPlatformIntegration();
        m_accessibilityActivated = active;
        if (platformIntegration)
            platformIntegration->accessibility()->setActive(active);
        else
            __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_WARN, m_qtTag, "Could not (yet) activate platform accessibility.");
    }
 
    QAccessibleInterface *interfaceFromId(jint objectId)
    {
        QAccessibleInterface *iface = nullptr;
        if (objectId == -1) {
            QWindow *win = qApp->focusWindow();
            if (win)
                iface = win->accessibleRoot();
        } else {
            iface = QAccessible::accessibleInterface(objectId);
        }
        return iface;
    }
 
    void notifyLocationChange(uint accessibilityObjectId)
    {
        QtAndroid::notifyAccessibilityLocationChange(accessibilityObjectId);
    }
 
    static int parentId_helper(int objectId); // forward declaration
 
    void notifyObjectHide(uint accessibilityObjectId)
    {
        const auto parentObjectId = parentId_helper(accessibilityObjectId);
        QtAndroid::notifyObjectHide(accessibilityObjectId, parentObjectId);
    }
 
    void notifyObjectFocus(uint accessibilityObjectId)
    {
        QtAndroid::notifyObjectFocus(accessibilityObjectId);
    }
 
    static jstring jvalueForAccessibleObject(int objectId); // forward declaration
 
    void notifyValueChanged(uint accessibilityObjectId)
    {
        jstring value = jvalueForAccessibleObject(accessibilityObjectId);
        QtAndroid::notifyValueChanged(accessibilityObjectId, value);
    }
 
    void notifyScrolledEvent(uint accessiblityObjectId)
    {
        QtAndroid::notifyScrolledEvent(accessiblityObjectId);
    }
 
    static QVarLengthArray<int, 8> childIdListForAccessibleObject_helper(int objectId)
    {
        QAccessibleInterface *iface = interfaceFromId(objectId);
        if (iface && iface->isValid()) {
            const int childCount = iface->childCount();
            QVarLengthArray<jint, 8> ifaceIdArray;
            ifaceIdArray.reserve(childCount);
            for (int i = 0; i < childCount; ++i) {
                QAccessibleInterface *child = iface->child(i);
                if (child && child->isValid())
                    ifaceIdArray.append(QAccessible::uniqueId(child));
            }
            return ifaceIdArray;
        }
        return {};
    }
 
    static jintArray childIdListForAccessibleObject(JNIEnv *env, jobject /*thiz*/, jint objectId)
    {
        if (m_accessibilityContext) {
            QVarLengthArray<jint, 8> ifaceIdArray;
            runInObjectContext(m_accessibilityContext, [objectId]() {
                return childIdListForAccessibleObject_helper(objectId);
            }, &ifaceIdArray);
            jintArray jArray = env->NewIntArray(jsize(ifaceIdArray.count()));
            env->SetIntArrayRegion(jArray, 0, ifaceIdArray.count(), ifaceIdArray.data());
            return jArray;
        }
 
        return env->NewIntArray(jsize(0));
    }
 
    static int parentId_helper(int objectId)
    {
        QAccessibleInterface *iface = interfaceFromId(objectId);
        if (iface && iface->isValid()) {
            QAccessibleInterface *parent = iface->parent();
            if (parent && parent->isValid()) {
                if (parent->role() == QAccessible::Application)
                    return -1;
                return QAccessible::uniqueId(parent);
            }
        }
        return -1;
    }
 
    static jint parentId(JNIEnv */*env*/, jobject /*thiz*/, jint objectId)
    {
        jint result = -1;
        if (m_accessibilityContext) {
            runInObjectContext(m_accessibilityContext, [objectId]() {
                return parentId_helper(objectId);
            }, &result);
        }
        return result;
    }
 
    static QRect screenRect_helper(int objectId, bool clip = true)
    {
        QRect rect;
        QAccessibleInterface *iface = interfaceFromId(objectId);
        if (iface && iface->isValid()) {
            rect = QHighDpi::toNativePixels(iface->rect(), iface->window());
        }
        // If the widget is not fully in-bound in its parent then we have to clip the rectangle to draw
        if (clip && iface && iface->parent() && iface->parent()->isValid()) {
            const auto parentRect = QHighDpi::toNativePixels(iface->parent()->rect(), iface->parent()->window());
            rect = rect.intersected(parentRect);
        }
        return rect;
    }
 
    static jobject screenRect(JNIEnv *env, jobject /*thiz*/, jint objectId)
    {
        QRect rect;
        if (m_accessibilityContext) {
            runInObjectContext(m_accessibilityContext, [objectId]() {
                return screenRect_helper(objectId);
            }, &rect);
        }
        jclass rectClass = env->FindClass("android/graphics/Rect");
        jmethodID ctor = env->GetMethodID(rectClass, "<init>", "(IIII)V");
        jobject jrect = env->NewObject(rectClass, ctor, rect.left(), rect.top(), rect.right(), rect.bottom());
        return jrect;
    }
 
    static int hitTest_helper(float x, float y)
    {
        QAccessibleInterface *root = interfaceFromId(-1);
        if (root && root->isValid()) {
            QPoint pos = QHighDpi::fromNativePixels(QPoint(int(x), int(y)), root->window());
 
            QAccessibleInterface *child = root->childAt(pos.x(), pos.y());
            QAccessibleInterface *lastChild = nullptr;
            while (child && (child != lastChild)) {
                lastChild = child;
                child = child->childAt(pos.x(), pos.y());
            }
            if (lastChild)
                return QAccessible::uniqueId(lastChild);
        }
        return -1;
    }
 
    static jint hitTest(JNIEnv */*env*/, jobject /*thiz*/, jfloat x, jfloat y)
    {
        jint result = -1;
        if (m_accessibilityContext) {
            runInObjectContext(m_accessibilityContext, [x, y]() {
                return hitTest_helper(x, y);
            }, &result);
        }
        return result;
    }
 
    static void invokeActionOnInterfaceInMainThread(QAccessibleActionInterface* actionInterface,
                                                    const QString& action)
    {
        // Queue the action and return back to Java thread, so that we do not
        // block it for too long
        QMetaObject::invokeMethod(qApp, [actionInterface, action]() {
            actionInterface->doAction(action);
        }, Qt::QueuedConnection);
    }
 
    static bool clickAction_helper(int objectId)
    {
        QAccessibleInterface *iface = interfaceFromId(objectId);
        if (!iface || !iface->isValid() || !iface->actionInterface())
            return false;
 
        const auto& actionNames = iface->actionInterface()->actionNames();
 
        if (actionNames.contains(QAccessibleActionInterface::pressAction())) {
            invokeActionOnInterfaceInMainThread(iface->actionInterface(),
                                                QAccessibleActionInterface::pressAction());
        } else if (actionNames.contains(QAccessibleActionInterface::toggleAction())) {
            invokeActionOnInterfaceInMainThread(iface->actionInterface(),
                                                QAccessibleActionInterface::toggleAction());
        } else {
            return false;
        }
        return true;
    }
 
    static jboolean clickAction(JNIEnv */*env*/, jobject /*thiz*/, jint objectId)
    {
        bool result = false;
        if (m_accessibilityContext) {
            runInObjectContext(m_accessibilityContext, [objectId]() {
                return clickAction_helper(objectId);
            }, &result);
        }
        return result;
    }
 
    static bool scroll_helper(int objectId, const QString &actionName)
    {
        QAccessibleInterface *iface = interfaceFromId(objectId);
        if (iface && iface->isValid())
            return QAccessibleBridgeUtils::performEffectiveAction(iface, actionName);
        return false;
    }
 
    static jboolean scrollForward(JNIEnv */*env*/, jobject /*thiz*/, jint objectId)
    {
        bool result = false;
 
        const auto& ids = childIdListForAccessibleObject_helper(objectId);
        if (ids.isEmpty())
            return false;
 
        const int firstChildId = ids.first();
        const QRect oldPosition = screenRect_helper(firstChildId, false);
 
        if (m_accessibilityContext) {
            runInObjectContext(m_accessibilityContext, [objectId]() {
                return scroll_helper(objectId, QAccessibleActionInterface::increaseAction());
            }, &result);
        }
 
        // Don't check for position change if the call was not successful
        return result && oldPosition != screenRect_helper(firstChildId, false);
    }
 
    static jboolean scrollBackward(JNIEnv */*env*/, jobject /*thiz*/, jint objectId)
    {
        bool result = false;
 
        const auto& ids = childIdListForAccessibleObject_helper(objectId);
        if (ids.isEmpty())
            return false;
 
        const int firstChildId = ids.first();
        const QRect oldPosition = screenRect_helper(firstChildId, false);
 
        if (m_accessibilityContext) {
            runInObjectContext(m_accessibilityContext, [objectId]() {
                return scroll_helper(objectId, QAccessibleActionInterface::decreaseAction());
            }, &result);
        }
 
        // Don't check for position change if the call was not successful
        return result && oldPosition != screenRect_helper(firstChildId, false);
    }
 
 
#define FIND_AND_CHECK_CLASS(CLASS_NAME) \
clazz = env->FindClass(CLASS_NAME); \
if (!clazz) { \
    __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_FATAL, m_qtTag, m_classErrorMsg, CLASS_NAME); \
    return JNI_FALSE; \
}
 
        //__android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_FATAL, m_qtTag, m_methodErrorMsg, METHOD_NAME, METHOD_SIGNATURE);
 
    static QString textFromValue(QAccessibleInterface *iface)
    {
        QString valueStr;
        QAccessibleValueInterface *valueIface = iface->valueInterface();
        if (valueIface) {
            const QVariant valueVar = valueIface->currentValue();
            const auto type = valueVar.typeId();
            if (type == QMetaType::Double || type == QMetaType::Float) {
                // QVariant's toString() formats floating-point values with
                // FloatingPointShortest, which is not an accessible
                // representation; nor, in many cases, is it suitable to the UI
                // element whose value we're looking at. So roll our own
                // A11Y-friendly conversion to string.
                const double val = valueVar.toDouble();
                // Try to use minimumStepSize() to determine precision
                bool stepIsValid = false;
                const double step = qAbs(valueIface->minimumStepSize().toDouble(&stepIsValid));
                if (!stepIsValid || qFuzzyIsNull(step)) {
                    // Ignore step, use default precision
                    valueStr = qFuzzyIsNull(val) ? u"0"_s : QString::number(val, 'f');
                } else {
                    const int precision = [](double s) {
                        int count = 0;
                        while (s < 1. && !qFuzzyCompare(s, 1.)) {
                            ++count;
                            s *= 10;
                        }
                        // If s is now 1.25, we want to show some more digits,
                        // but don't want to get silly with a step like 1./7;
                        // so only include a few extra digits.
                        const int stop = count + 3;
                        const auto fractional = [](double v) {
                            double whole = 0.0;
                            std::modf(v + 0.5, &whole);
                            return qAbs(v - whole);
                        };
                        s = fractional(s);
                        while (count < stop && !qFuzzyIsNull(s)) {
                            ++count;
                            s = fractional(s * 10);
                        }
                        return count;
                    }(step);
                    valueStr = qFuzzyIsNull(val / step) ? u"0"_s
                                                        : QString::number(val, 'f', precision);
                }
            } else {
                valueStr = valueVar.toString();
            }
        }
        return valueStr;
    }
 
    static jstring jvalueForAccessibleObject(int objectId)
    {
        QAccessibleInterface *iface = interfaceFromId(objectId);
        const QString value = textFromValue(iface);
        QJniEnvironment env;
        jstring jstr = env->NewString((jchar*)value.constData(), (jsize)value.size());
        if (env.checkAndClearExceptions())
            __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_WARN, m_qtTag, "Failed to create jstring");
        return jstr;
    }
 
    static QString descriptionForInterface(QAccessibleInterface *iface)
    {
        QString desc;
        if (iface && iface->isValid()) {
            bool hasValue = false;
            desc = iface->text(QAccessible::Name);
            if (desc.isEmpty())
                desc = iface->text(QAccessible::Description);
            if (desc.isEmpty()) {
                desc = iface->text(QAccessible::Value);
                hasValue = !desc.isEmpty();
            }
            if (!hasValue && iface->valueInterface()) {
                const QString valueStr = textFromValue(iface);
                if (!valueStr.isEmpty()) {
                    if (!desc.isEmpty())
                        desc.append(QChar(QChar::Space));
                    desc.append(valueStr);
                }
            }
        }
        return desc;
    }
 
    static QString descriptionForAccessibleObject_helper(int objectId)
    {
        QAccessibleInterface *iface = interfaceFromId(objectId);
        return descriptionForInterface(iface);
    }
 
    static jstring descriptionForAccessibleObject(JNIEnv *env, jobject /*thiz*/, jint objectId)
    {
        QString desc;
        if (m_accessibilityContext) {
            runInObjectContext(m_accessibilityContext, [objectId]() {
                return descriptionForAccessibleObject_helper(objectId);
            }, &desc);
        }
        return env->NewString((jchar*) desc.constData(), (jsize) desc.size());
    }
 
 
    struct NodeInfo
    {
        bool valid = false;
        QAccessible::State state;
        QAccessible::Role role;
        QStringList actions;
        QString description;
        bool hasTextSelection = false;
        int selectionStart = 0;
        int selectionEnd = 0;
    };
 
    static NodeInfo populateNode_helper(int objectId)
    {
        NodeInfo info;
        QAccessibleInterface *iface = interfaceFromId(objectId);
        if (iface && iface->isValid()) {
            info.valid = true;
            info.state = iface->state();
            info.role = iface->role();
            info.actions = QAccessibleBridgeUtils::effectiveActionNames(iface);
            info.description = descriptionForInterface(iface);
            QAccessibleTextInterface *textIface = iface->textInterface();
            if (textIface && (textIface->selectionCount() > 0)) {
                info.hasTextSelection = true;
                textIface->selection(0, &info.selectionStart, &info.selectionEnd);
            }
        }
        return info;
    }
 
    static jboolean populateNode(JNIEnv *env, jobject /*thiz*/, jint objectId, jobject node)
    {
        NodeInfo info;
        if (m_accessibilityContext) {
            runInObjectContext(m_accessibilityContext, [objectId]() {
                return populateNode_helper(objectId);
            }, &info);
        }
        if (!info.valid) {
            __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_WARN, m_qtTag, "Accessibility: populateNode for Invalid ID");
            return false;
        }
 
        const bool hasClickableAction =
                info.actions.contains(QAccessibleActionInterface::pressAction()) ||
                info.actions.contains(QAccessibleActionInterface::toggleAction());
        const bool hasIncreaseAction =
                info.actions.contains(QAccessibleActionInterface::increaseAction());
        const bool hasDecreaseAction =
                info.actions.contains(QAccessibleActionInterface::decreaseAction());
 
        if (info.hasTextSelection && m_setTextSelectionMethodID) {
            env->CallVoidMethod(node, m_setTextSelectionMethodID, info.selectionStart,
                                info.selectionEnd);
        }
 
        env->CallVoidMethod(node, m_setCheckableMethodID, (bool)info.state.checkable);
        env->CallVoidMethod(node, m_setCheckedMethodID, (bool)info.state.checked);
        env->CallVoidMethod(node, m_setEditableMethodID, info.state.editable);
        env->CallVoidMethod(node, m_setEnabledMethodID, !info.state.disabled);
        env->CallVoidMethod(node, m_setFocusableMethodID, (bool)info.state.focusable);
        env->CallVoidMethod(node, m_setFocusedMethodID, (bool)info.state.focused);
        if (m_setHeadingMethodID)
            env->CallVoidMethod(node, m_setHeadingMethodID, info.role == QAccessible::Heading);
        env->CallVoidMethod(node, m_setVisibleToUserMethodID, !info.state.invisible);
        env->CallVoidMethod(node, m_setScrollableMethodID, hasIncreaseAction || hasDecreaseAction);
        env->CallVoidMethod(node, m_setClickableMethodID, hasClickableAction || info.role == QAccessible::Link);
 
        // Add ACTION_CLICK
        if (hasClickableAction)
            env->CallVoidMethod(node, m_addActionMethodID, (int)0x00000010);    // ACTION_CLICK defined in AccessibilityNodeInfo
 
        // Add ACTION_SCROLL_FORWARD
        if (hasIncreaseAction)
            env->CallVoidMethod(node, m_addActionMethodID, (int)0x00001000);    // ACTION_SCROLL_FORWARD defined in AccessibilityNodeInfo
 
        // Add ACTION_SCROLL_BACKWARD
        if (hasDecreaseAction)
            env->CallVoidMethod(node, m_addActionMethodID, (int)0x00002000);    // ACTION_SCROLL_BACKWARD defined in AccessibilityNodeInfo
 
        // try to fill in the text property, this is what the screen reader reads
        jstring jdesc = env->NewString((jchar*)info.description.constData(),
                                       (jsize)info.description.size());
        //CALL_METHOD(node, "setText", "(Ljava/lang/CharSequence;)V", jdesc)
        env->CallVoidMethod(node, m_setContentDescriptionMethodID, jdesc);
 
        return true;
    }
 
    static JNINativeMethod methods[] = {
        {"setActive","(Z)V",(void*)setActive},
        {"childIdListForAccessibleObject", "(I)[I", (jintArray)childIdListForAccessibleObject},
        {"parentId", "(I)I", (void*)parentId},
        {"descriptionForAccessibleObject", "(I)Ljava/lang/String;", (jstring)descriptionForAccessibleObject},
        {"screenRect", "(I)Landroid/graphics/Rect;", (jobject)screenRect},
        {"hitTest", "(FF)I", (void*)hitTest},
        {"populateNode", "(ILandroid/view/accessibility/AccessibilityNodeInfo;)Z", (void*)populateNode},
        {"clickAction", "(I)Z", (void*)clickAction},
        {"scrollForward", "(I)Z", (void*)scrollForward},
        {"scrollBackward", "(I)Z", (void*)scrollBackward},
    };
 
#define GET_AND_CHECK_STATIC_METHOD(VAR, CLASS, METHOD_NAME, METHOD_SIGNATURE) \
    VAR = env->GetMethodID(CLASS, METHOD_NAME, METHOD_SIGNATURE); \
    if (!VAR) { \
        __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_FATAL, QtAndroid::qtTagText(), QtAndroid::methodErrorMsgFmt(), METHOD_NAME, METHOD_SIGNATURE); \
        return false; \
    }
 
    bool registerNatives(JNIEnv *env)
    {
        jclass clazz;
        FIND_AND_CHECK_CLASS("org/qtproject/qt/android/accessibility/QtNativeAccessibility");
        jclass appClass = static_cast<jclass>(env->NewGlobalRef(clazz));
 
        if (env->RegisterNatives(appClass, methods, sizeof(methods) / sizeof(methods[0])) < 0) {
            __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_FATAL,"Qt A11y", "RegisterNatives failed");
            return false;
        }
 
        jclass nodeInfoClass = env->FindClass("android/view/accessibility/AccessibilityNodeInfo");
        GET_AND_CHECK_STATIC_METHOD(m_addActionMethodID, nodeInfoClass, "addAction", "(I)V");
        GET_AND_CHECK_STATIC_METHOD(m_setCheckableMethodID, nodeInfoClass, "setCheckable", "(Z)V");
        GET_AND_CHECK_STATIC_METHOD(m_setCheckedMethodID, nodeInfoClass, "setChecked", "(Z)V");
        GET_AND_CHECK_STATIC_METHOD(m_setClickableMethodID, nodeInfoClass, "setClickable", "(Z)V");
        GET_AND_CHECK_STATIC_METHOD(m_setContentDescriptionMethodID, nodeInfoClass, "setContentDescription", "(Ljava/lang/CharSequence;)V");
        GET_AND_CHECK_STATIC_METHOD(m_setEditableMethodID, nodeInfoClass, "setEditable", "(Z)V");
        GET_AND_CHECK_STATIC_METHOD(m_setEnabledMethodID, nodeInfoClass, "setEnabled", "(Z)V");
        GET_AND_CHECK_STATIC_METHOD(m_setFocusableMethodID, nodeInfoClass, "setFocusable", "(Z)V");
        GET_AND_CHECK_STATIC_METHOD(m_setFocusedMethodID, nodeInfoClass, "setFocused", "(Z)V");
        if (QtAndroidPrivate::androidSdkVersion() >= 28) {
            GET_AND_CHECK_STATIC_METHOD(m_setHeadingMethodID, nodeInfoClass, "setHeading", "(Z)V");
        }
        GET_AND_CHECK_STATIC_METHOD(m_setScrollableMethodID, nodeInfoClass, "setScrollable", "(Z)V");
        GET_AND_CHECK_STATIC_METHOD(m_setVisibleToUserMethodID, nodeInfoClass, "setVisibleToUser", "(Z)V");
        GET_AND_CHECK_STATIC_METHOD(m_setTextSelectionMethodID, nodeInfoClass, "setTextSelection", "(II)V");
 
        return true;
    }
}
 
QT_END_NAMESPACE